Table 2.
Factors associated with false negative and false positive compared to true negative and true positive electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG-LVH) in a bivariate logistic regression
| False negative | False positive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
| Age (year) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.054 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.080 |
| Sex (men vs. women) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.88) | 0.002 | 1.03(0.65, 1.64) | 0.896 |
| Race/Ethnicity | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||
| White | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||
| Chinese-Americans | 0.43 (0.26, 0.71) | 0.001 | 1.22 (0.48, 3.10) | 0.679 |
| Hispanics | 1.67 (1.28, 2.18) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.12, 0.67) | 0.004 |
| Blacks | 1.79 (1.39, 2.32) | <0.001 | 0.34 (0.16, 0.73) | 0.006 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.07 (1.05, 1.09) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.89, 0.98) | 0.006 |
| Income | <0.001 | 0.085 | ||
| <$20K) | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||
| >$20k<$50K | 1.16 (0.88, 1.52) | 0.284 | 0.98 (0.56, 1.69) | 0.928 |
| >$50K | 0.70 (0.53, 0.94) | 0.017 | 1.87(0.99, 3.54) | 0.055 |
| Education | 0.265 | 0.407 | ||
| High School | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||
| College | 0.85 (0.65, 1.13) | 0.263 | 1.40 (0.81, 2.43) | 0.226 |
| >College | 0.75 (0.53, 1.06) | 0.105 | 1.50 (0.75, 3.00) | 0.257 |
| Hypertension | 3.47 (2.78, 4.33) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.19, 0.58) | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.03 (1.03, 1.04) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98) | <.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure ( mmHg) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | <.001 |
| Blood pressure lowering drugs | 2.21 (1.79, 2.72) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.46, 1.18) | 0.207 |
| Total cholesterol ( mg/dL) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.841 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.846 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.759 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.925 |
| Statin use | 0.98 (0.73, 1.33) | 0.911 | 0.93 (0.48, 1.81) | 0.838 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1.85 (1.40, 2.45) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.23, 0.76) | 0.004 |
| Family history of CVD | 1.17 (0.94, 1.46) | 0.147 | 0.91 (0.56, 1.47) | 0.690 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | 0.041 | ||
| Never | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||
| Current | 2.07 (1.56, 2.75) | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.22, 0.87) | 0.018 |
| Past | 1.12 (0.88, 1.42) | 0.356 | 1.07 (0.62, 1.83) | 0.810 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.97) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 0.002 |
| MRI-LV mass (gm) | 1.16 (1.15, 1.18) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.83, 0.89) | <.001 |
| QRS duration (ms) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.911 |
| Abnormal QRS axis | 1.16 (0.72, 1.86) | 0.550 | 1.01 (0.41, 2.46) | 0.982 |
| Any ST/T abnormalities | 2.70 (2.11, 3.47) | <0.001 | 0.34 (0.21, 0.55 | <.001 |
| Minor ST/T abnormalities | 2.99 (2.32, 3.85) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.23, 0.61) | <.001 |
| Major ST/T abnormalities | 1.75 (1.06, 2.87) | 0.028 | 0.27 (0.14, 0.49) | <.001 |
| Any major ECG abnormalities | 1.79 (1.27, 2.52) | 0.001 | 0.30 (0.18, 0.52) | <.001 |
ECG-LVH status was defined using left ventricular hypertrophy by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI-LVH) as the gold standard
HDL= High density lipoprotein; CVD= Cardiovascular disease; LV= Left ventricle; MRI= Magnetic resonance imaging