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. 2015 Jan 6;5(1):e493. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.135

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Copyright © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and related signaling pathway proteins. (a and b) Immunoblotting of hippocampal and cortical tissue derived from the behaviorally tested animals. (a) (−)Epicatechin (EC)-consuming animals evinced significantly greater expression of pro-BDNF and BDNF proteins in the hippocampus. (b) Growth factor levels did not change in the cortex. (c and d) EC increased the expression of pAkt in the hippocampus and cortex with respect to the control group. (e and f) Neither pERK2 nor pCREB levels were modified by the intake of EC in the hippocampus and cortex. (*P<0.05). Error bars denote s.e.m.