Table 1. Sample characteristics for BD patients+controls and relatives+controls.
|
Sample 1 |
Sample 2 |
BD compared with Rel |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BD N=22 | Con N=22 | Statistics | P-value | Rel N=17 | Con N=17 | Statistics | P-value | Statistics | P-value | |
| Gender ratio (female/male) | 14/8 | 12/10 | X2(1)=0.38 | 0.540 | 8/9 | 8/9 | X2(1)=0 | 1.000 | X2(1)=1.07 | 0.301 |
| Age, mean (s.d.) | 39.4 (11.8) | 40.5 (11.8) | t(42)=−0.29 | 0.770 | 36.7 (16.3) | 35.94 (15.63) | t(32)=0.13 | 0.898 | t(37)=0.31 | 0.759 |
| Years of education, mean (s.d.) | 11.3 (1.6) | 11.8 (1.5) | t(42)=−1.06 | 0.293 | 12.5 (1.2) | 12.88 (0.33) | t(32)=−1.39 | 0.175 | t(37)=−2.69 | 0.011* |
| Intelligence score (MWT-B), mean (s.d.) | 105.4 (12.6) | 107.7 (14.4) | t(41)=−0.54 | 0.592 | 103.1 (11.8) | 109.4 (12.8) | t(30)=−1.45 | 0.157 | t(35)=0.26 | 0.797 |
| Married lifetime, n (%) | 12 (55.0) | 13 (59.1) | X2(1)=0.09 | 0.761 | 11 (64.7) | 6 (35.3) | X2(1)=2.94 | 0.169 | X2(1)=0.41 | 0.522 |
| Currently employed, n (%) | 13 (59.1) | 21 (95.5) | X2(1)=8.28 | 0.004** | 15 (88.2) | 15 (88.2) | X2(1)=0 | 1.000 | X2(1)=4.02 | 0.045* |
| Handedness: LQ-scores, mean (s.d.) | 83.8 (13.8) | 85.7 (23.1) | t(41)=−0.34 | 0.736 | 57.7 (64.8) | 80.1 (41.1) | t(30)=−1.20 | 0.238 | t(35)=1.68 | 0.071 |
| Current symptoms | ||||||||||
| YMRS, mean (s.d.) | 1.0 (1.6) | 0 (0) | t(40)=2.96 | 0.008** | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | — | t(36)=2.49 | 0.018* |
| HAMD, mean (s.d.) | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.10 (.4) | t(40)=2.31 | 0.029* | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.13 (0.50) | t(31)=0.62 | 0.543 | t(36)=1.34 | 0.189 |
| BDI, mean (s.d.) | 6.7 (6.0) | 1.2 (2.1) | t(42)=4.05 | <0.001** | 3.0 (3.3) | 1.76 (3.11) | t(32)=1.08 | 0.289 | t(37)=2.61 | 0.013* |
| BDI, affective subscale, mean (s.d.) | 4.00 (4.5) | 0.7 (1.3) | t(42)=3.34 | 0.003** | 1.4 (1.9) | 1.06 (2.41) | t(32)=0.40 | 0.694 | t(37)=2.60 | 0.013* |
| BDI, somatic subscale, mean (s.d.) | 2.7 (2.0) | 0.6 (1.1) | t(42)=4.56 | <0.001** | 1.6 (1.8) | 0.71 (0.98) | t(32)=1.80 | 0.082 | t(37)=2.11 | 0.042* |
| Course of illness | ||||||||||
| Age at onset, mean (s.d.) | 25.2 (7.7) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Age at first hospitalization, mean (s.d.) | 27.3 (8.2) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| No. of hospitalizations, mean (s.d.) | 3.2 (2.5) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| No. of depressive episodes, mean (s.d.) | 3.6 (2.4) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| No. of manic episodes, mean (s.d.) | 3.0 (1.8) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Time in remission (months), mean (s.d.) | 54.0 (69.0) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Substances | ||||||||||
| Regular caffeine, n (%) | 14 (66.7) | 17 (81.0) | X2(1)=1.11 | 0.292 | 10 (62.5) | 13 (81.3) | X2(1)=1.40 | 0.433 | X2(1)=0.07 | 0.793 |
| Regular nicotine, n (%) | 6 (28.6) | 2 (9.1) | X2(1)=2.69 | 0.101 | 2 (12.5) | 1 (5.9) | X2(1)=0.44 | 0.601 | X2(1)=1.38 | 0.239 |
| Regular alcohol, n (%) | 7 (31.8) | 9 (40.9) | X2(1)=0.39 | 0.531 | 6 (35.3) | 7 (41.2) | X2(1)=0.13 | 1.000 | X2(1)=0.05 | 0.819 |
| Medication use | ||||||||||
| None, n (%) | 3 (13.6) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Antidepressants, n (%) | 7 (31.8) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Benzodiazepines, n (%) | 1 (4.5) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Antipsychotics, n (%) | 12 (54.5) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Lithium carbonate, n (%) | 8 (36.4) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Valproic acid, n (%) | 11 (50.0) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Lamotrigine, n (%) | 6 (27.3) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Abbreviations: BD, bipolar disorder; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; Con, control; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; LQ, laterality quotient; MWT-B, Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatztest (premorbid Intelligence); Rel, relative; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.
*P<0.05.
**P<0.01.