Table 2.

Studies of the longitudinal association between arterial stiffness and cognitive function

Publication	Cohort	Age (years)	Follow-up	Arterial stiffness measure	Cognitive tests assessed	Result
Benetos et al., 2012 [26]	PARTAGE study, (N=873), institutionalized patients from France and Italy	80+	1 year	Carotid-femoral PWV	Global cognition: MMSE	Greater tertile of PWV was associated with greater change in MMSE (PWV Tertile 1: Δ MMSE= −1.42±3.60; PWV Tertile 2: Δ MMSE= −1.78±4.08; PWV Tertile 3: Δ MMSE= −2.20±3.98); P<0.03
Poels et al., 2007 [23]	Rotterdam Study, (N=3714), Netherlands	55+	Average 5 years	Carotid-femoral PWV	Global cognition: MMSE Executive function: Letter digit substitution task, Stroop test, and word fluency test	Greater PWV was not associated with greater odds of cognitive decline
Scuteri et al., 2007 [24]	From hospital, N=102, Italy	79±6	Median of 12 months (range: 10 to 32)	Carotid-femoral PWV	Global cognition: MMSE	Greater PWV was associated with greater annual decline in MMSE score (β=−0.736; p<0.001)
Scuteri et al., 2013 [43]	From hospital, N=105, Italy	77±5	Median of 15 months	Carotid-femoral PWV	Global cognition: MMSE	Having high PWV in the upper quartile was associated with worse MMSE score
Waldstein et al., 2008 [22]	Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, N=1749 (PP analysis) and N=582 (PWV analysis), USA	57.1±17.2 (PP) 54.3±17.1 (PWV)	14 years	Carotid-femoral PWV, Pulse Pressure	Global cognition: MMSE, and Blessed Information memory test Attention and Concentration: Digit forward and backwards Verbal learning and memory: California verbal learning test, and Boston naming test Non-verbal memory: Benton visual retention test Phonetic and semantic: letter and category fluency Executive function, speed and mental flexibility: Trail making Tests A and B	Greater PWV was associated with faster cognitive decline on the Blessed Information memory test, California verbal learning test, and the Benton visual retention test (all p-values <0.05) Greater PP was associated with faster cognitive decline on the Blessed Information memory test, California verbal learning test, and the Benton visual retention test (all pvalues <0.05)
Watson et al., 2011 [25]	The Cognitive Vitality Substusy (N=552), in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, USA	73.1±2.7	6 years	Carotid-femoral PWV	Global cognition: the Modified Mini Mental Status Exam (3MS) Verbal learning and memory: The Buschke selective reminding test Psychomotor speed: The boxes and Digit copying test Perceptual speed: the pattern and letter comparison test	Greater PWV was associated with greater odds of cognitive decline in psychomotor speed (OR= 1.42; 95%CI=1.06; 1.90)
Zeki Al Hazzouri et al., 2013 [7]	Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, (N=2,488), USA	74.2±2.9	9 years	Carotid-femoral PWV	Global cognition: the Modified Mini Mental Status Exam (3MS)	Greater PWV was associated with faster rate of cognitive decline. Annual cognitive decline by tertile of PWV: Low PWV tertile (β=−0.30; 95%CI=−0.37; −0.22); Middle PWV tertile (β=−0.46; 95%CI=−0.54; −0.39); High PWV tertile (β=−0.45; 95%CI=−0.53; −0.38) Having middle or high PWV was associated with greater odds of cognitive impairment (decline of 5 or more points), compared to having low PWV (Middle PWV: OR=1.40; 95%CI=1.03; 1.92. High PWV: OR=1.59; 95%CI=1.16; 2.18)