Table 4.

Summary of Traditional Gender-related Characteristics

Characteristic	Female	Male
Gender-typical traits	Expressive (helpful, understanding, compassionate, sensitive to others’ needs)	Instrumental (independent, competitive, decisive, aggressive, dominant)
Gender-typical behavior	Communal (friendly, unselfish, concerned with others, expressive)	Agentic (independent, masterful, assertive, instrumentally competent)
Leadership style	Transformational (interpersonal, democratic)	Translational (task oriented, autocratic)

Table constructed through incorporation of existing gender literature.