Figure 1. Phosphonate degradation pathways.
(A) Three enzymatic pathways for the breakdown of PnAA. Top: PnAA hydrolysis to acetaldehyde and Pi. Middle: PnAA-derived 2-AEP is hydroxylated and oxidized to yield glycine and Pi. Bottom: Oxidation of PnAA by PhnY (boxed) and subsequent hydrolysis by PhnA to yield acetate and Pi. (B) Chemical structures of 3-OPP and G3P.