Table 1.

Descriptive statistics

	Kindergarten (N = 98)		First grade (entire sample N = 170)		First grade skilled readers (n = 95)		First grade less skilled readers (n = 75)
	Mean (SD)	Min - Max	Mean (SD)	Min - Max	Mean (SD)	Min - Max	Mean (SD)	Min - Max
Listening comprehension
Task 1	19.19 (3.78)	8 – 28	25.06 (3.60)	10 – 33	25.96 (2.94)	20–33	23.93 (4.04)	10–33
Task 2	13.53 (3.70)	4 – 21	16.04 (2.45)	4 – 19	16.51 (2.06)	11–19	15.45 (2.76)	4–19
Word reading accuracy
Word identification	22.12 (10.15)	0 – 34	30.20 (3.18)	14 – 34	32.37 (1.06)	31–34	27.45 (2.84)	14–30
Pseudoword reading	21.12 (11.21)	0 – 38	31.15 (5.93)	5 – 40	34.12 (3.74)	22–40	27.40 (6.08)	5–38
Word reading fluency
TRF passage 1 words	24.05 (13.23)	0 – 55	39.84 (11.40)	10 – 60	43.65 (10.24)	19–60	35.01 (11.03)	10–57
TRF passage 2 words	21.44 (12.80)	0 – 48	38.70 (11.81)	8 – 60	42.34 (10.18)	22–60	34.09 (12.18)	8–59
TRF passage 3 words	23.15 (13.19)	0 – 49	38.37 (11.49)	11 – 60	41.96 (10.22)	17–60	33.76 (11.46)	11–60
Text reading fluency
TRF Passage 1	91.33 (50.67)	0 – 194	147.14 (44.51)	44 – 281	162.52 (39.30)	54–260	127.67 (43.31)	44–281
TRF Passage 2	86.65 (46.45)	0 – 203	149.58 (43.86)	53 – 281	166.39 (39.99)	88–281	128.29 (39.23)	53–212
TRF Passage 3	88.83 (47.11)	0 – 201	151.28 (41.51)	53 – 251	164.75 (38.21)	90–251	134.23 (39.41)	53–211
Reading comprehension
RC Passage 1	2.40 (1.58)	0 – 5	3.88 (1.14)	0 – 5	4.15 (.95)	1–5	3.55 (1.28)	0–5
RC Passage 2	2.74 (1.11)	0 – 6	4.84 (1.50)	0 – 6	5.23 (1.19)	0–6	4.33 (1.70)	0–6
Cloze task	9.94 (5.39)	0 – 19	16.43 (3.08)	6 – 21	17.39 (2.68)	6–21	15.21 (3.14)	7–21

TRF = Text Reading Fluency: number of syllables read correctly in 40 sec; RC = Reading Comprehension