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Schematic representation of the role of the Krebs cycle intermediate succinate as a Krebs cycle intermediate in the mitochondrion and as an extra-mitochondrial sensor/signal in the regulation of cellular growth and aging mediated by mTOR and induction of the cellular stress regulator HIF-1α and inhibiting of the ROS in peripheral tissues and in the hypothalamus. The actions of succinate in the hypothalamus include energy balance, metabolic homeostasis, and GnRH gene expression.
