Characteristics of coils and in vitro release of SDF-1α. Scanning electron micrographs of (A) unmodified coils (Left: 15 kV, 300×, scale bar = 50 μm; Middle: 15 kV, 1000×, scale bar = 10 μm; Right: 15 kV, 5000×, scale bar = 5 μm); (B) Coils coated with SDF-1α/SF (Left: 15 kV, 300×, scale bar = 50 μm; Middle: 15 kV, 1000×, scale bar = 10 μm; Right: 15 kV, 5000×, scale bar = 5 μm); (C) Cross section of coils before immobilization of SDF-1α/SF (Left: 15 kV, 300×, scale bar = 50 μm; Middle: 15 kV, 500×, scale bar = 50 μm; Right: 15 kV, 2000×, scale bar = 10 μm); (D) Cross section of coils after immobilization of SDF-1α/SF (Left: 15 kV, 300×, scale bar = 50 μm; Middle: 15 kV, 500×, scale bar = 50 μm; Right: 15 kV, 2000×, scale bar = 10 μm). (E) Cumulative time-course release of SDF-1α from SDF-1α/SF-coated coils. Data are means ± SD (n = 3).