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PD downregulated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the serum. The circulating levels of inflammatory mediators of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and HMGB1 were elevated in the LPS + NS group, but decreased in the medium and large dose of PD treatment group. A. TNF-α level in serum. B. IL-1β level in serum. C. IL-6 level in serum. D. HMGB1 level in serum. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6 in each group). *P < 0.05 vs. sham group; #P < 0.05 vs. LPS + NS group.
