Table 2.
Cardio protection delivering drugs, their interacting pathways on I/R injury: experimental/animal study during the last 5 years
| Target pathway | Pharmaceutical agents |
|---|---|
| PI3K/Akt | Salidroside (LY294002) decrease Bax and Caspase-3(2013) [104], Luteolin (polyphenol falvonoid) inhibit Bax and apoptosis (2011) [105], PPAR-alpha activation as a preconditioning like intervention (2012) [106]/PTCA induced ischemic postconditioning (2012) [107], Ligustrazine (TMP) by itself and by phosphorylating eNOS to produce NO(2012) [108], Sitagliptin via GLP-1/GLP-1 receptor (2013) [109] |
| Globular adiponectin modulate SERCA and suppress ER stress (2013) cardiomyocyte [110], Anandamide induction of HSP72 mediated by CB (2) and CB (1) receptors (2013) [111], Remote ischemic postconditioning by upregulating ALDH2 expressions (2014) [112] | |
| PI3K/ Akt and ERK1/2 (RISK pathway) | Epigallocatechin-3 gallate [113] |
| PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2- MEK1/2 | A3 adenosine receptor agonist, 2-CL-IB-MECA, inhibit caspase-3 (2014) [114] |
| PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 | Berbamine (from Barberry) maintains intracellular calcium and prevents calpain activation (2012) cardiomyocytes [115] |
| PI3K/Akt and PKC pathway | Urantide (2012) [116] |
| PI3K and p38MAPK | Dobutamin-mediated heme oxygenase-1 induction (2013) [117], BNP post conditioning inhibit HMGB1, TNF-α and IL-6. (2014) [118] |
| PI3K/Akt/ERK | Intralipid (GSK-3β) inhibit of mPTP (2011) [119] |
| Achyranthes bidentata (herb) (2013) [120] | |
| PI3K/Akt and ERK1/ERK2 | Urocortin 2 autocrine/paracrine and pharmacological effects (2013) mouse ex vivo [121], GHRH through activation of RISK and SAFE pathway (2013) [122] |
| PI3K, Akt/PKCε/MitoKATP/ROS signaling | Catestatin (2013) [123] |
| PI3K/Akt/mTOR/SVV | Survivin potentiates the anti apoptotic effects of inslin. (2011) [124] |
| Arachidonic acid Akt/PKCα/β | t-AUBC inhibition of sHE enhances the activity of EETs (2010) [125] |
| Aldolase reductase modulates GSK-3β | |
| Phosphorylation (2012) [126] | |
| PI3K/PKG/GSK3β | ANP prevents mPTP opening by inactivating GSK3β (2012) [127], Sufentanil postconditioning (2012) [128] |
| Activation of RISK/GSK-3β and inhibition of p38 MAPK | Curcumin (turmeric) (2012) [129] |
| PI3K/Akt/GSK3β | Dansen (salvia miltiorrhiza) (2013) [130] |
| PI3K/Akt and JAK2/STAT3 pathways | Fasudil inhibits ROCK, attenuates ER stress and modulates SERCA activity (2012) [131] |
| PI3K and NO | Therapeutic hypothermia at 34°C (2012) [132] |
| PI3K/Akt/NDRG2 | Potentiates the anti-apoptotic effect of insulin (2013) [133] |
| GSK3β activation | Sevoflurane (2013) [134] |
| ROS signalling | Mitochondrial BK(Ca) (2013) [135] |
| Akt/PTEN pathway | Ischemic postconditioning-mediated miRNA-21 (2013) [136] |
| PI3K/Akt/FOXO3A/Bim pathway | Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (2013) [137] |
| Paracrine pathway TIMP-1 | Cardiac fibroblasts (2014) [138] |
| AMPK/Akt/JNK signaling activation | Labdane diterpenes (2011) [139] |
| Rosiglitazone (2011) [140] | |
| AMPK pathway | CTRP9 protein (2012) [141], Berberine (2012) [142], Macrophage migration inhibition factor, MIF (2013) [143], Omentin (2014) [144] |
| AMPK/Akt | D-dopachrome tautomerase enzyme (2014) mice [145], Antithrombin (2014) [146] |
| AMPK | Propofol inhibition, phosphorylation of mTOR (2010) [147] |
| Beclin-1 | Ginsenoside Rg1 (2012) [148] |
| Inhibition of activation of AMPKα, Beclin-1, activation of mTOR, decreased level of LC3B-2 | Trimetazidime (2010) [149] |
| K+ channel opener | Nikorandil (2011) [150] |
Source: PubMed. Abbreviation: Akt/PKB: Ak strain transforming/protein kinase B, ALDH2: aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide, BNP: brain natriuretic peptide, CB: cannabinoid receptor, CTRP9: C1q/TNF-related protein 9, EETs: epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinases, GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone, GLP-1: glucagon-like-peptide-1, GSK-3β: glycogen synthase kinase3 beta, HMGB1: high-mobility group protein B1, HSP72: heat shock rotein72, IL-6: interleukin-6, JNK: c-jun N-terminal kinase, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, MEK: methyl ethyl ketone (butanone), NDRG: N-myc downstream-regulated gene, PI3K: phophatidylinositol kinase, PKC: protein kinase C, PPAR-α: perioxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, RISK: reperfusion injury salvage kinases, RISK: reperfusion injury salvage kinase, ROCK: rho-kinase, sEH: soluble epoxide hydrolase, SERCA: sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, SAFE: survivor activating factor enhancement, tAUBC: trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexylo-benzoic acid, TIMP-1: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, TMP: 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha.