Figure 9. Analysis of anti-HSV mechanism of rutin, quercetin, and isoquercitrin.

(A) Quercetin inhibited HSV-1 infection before viral entry. 1X10⁶ Vero cells were infected with 100 pfu HSV-1 pretreated with rutin (filled triangle), quercetin (filled square), and isoquercitrin (filled circle), and plaque assays were used to determine the inhibitory effects. (B) Quercetin inhibited the binding of HSV-1 onto host cells. 1X10⁶ Vero cells were infected with HSV at 1 m.o.i. and incubated with quercetin, isoquercitrin or rutin at 4°C for 2 hours. The viral gD protein was detected by Western blot assay. β-actin was used as an internal control for protein loading. (C) The inhibitory effect of quercetin, isoquercitrin and rutin on HSV-induced NF-κB activation. 1X10⁶ cells were infected with HSV-1 and incubated with indicated concentrations of quercetin, isoquercitrin or rutin. The nuclear fractions were extracted at 3 h.p.i. and analyzed for NF-κB translocation. β-actin was used as an internal control for protein loading.