Figure 2.

Results from the structural equation model (N = 192), χ²(67, N = 192) = 92.89, p < .05, comparative fit index = 0.93; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.89; root mean square error of approximation = .045. Results are standardized (with standard errors in parentheses). Dotted lines are nonsignificant. Factor loadings are all significant at p < .01. Control variables (household income, mothers’ education, and child sex) were regressed on all the variables. Paths from respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) variables to sympathy at T3 were included in the analyses, but were nonsignificant (not shown in Figure 1 for simplicity). The indirect path from parenting to sympathy through effortful control was significant (b = .35, SE = .18, p < .05, z = 2.00). The indirect path from baseline RSA to sympathy through effortful control was marginally significant (b = .19, SE = .11, p = .087, z = 1.71). PZSEN = mother’s sensitivity, puzzle task; PZAUT = mother’s authoritative control, puzzle task; PZWAR = mother’s warmth, puzzle task; FPSEN = mother’s sensitivity, free-play; RSA = respiratory sinus arrhythmia; T1 = time 1 (42 months); T2 = time 2 (54 months); T3 = time 3 (72 and 84 months). TE = teacher report; MO = mother report; IBR = observer report. *p < .05. **p < .01.