Table 1.
Sociodemographic and household characteristics, CHAMACOS cohort, California (n = 364).
| Characteristic | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Child’s sex | |
| Boys | 174 (47.8) |
| Girls | 190 (52.2) |
| Season of birth | |
| Mold | 131 (36.0) |
| Wet | 68 (18.7) |
| Pollen | 80 (22.0) |
| Dry | 85 (23.3) |
| Breastfeeding duration | |
| Never breastfed | 17 (4.7) |
| ≤ 6 months | 174 (47.8) |
| > 6 months | 173 (47.5) |
| Mother’s country of birth | |
| Mexico | 314 (86.2) |
| United States | 45 (12.4) |
| Other | 5 (1.4) |
| Maternal education | |
| ≤ 6th grade | 166 (45.6) |
| 7–12th grade | 125 (34.3) |
| Completed high school | 73 (20.1) |
| Maternal history of asthma | |
| Yes | 17 (4.7) |
| No | 346 (95.3) |
| Mother smoked during pregnancy | |
| Yes | 15 (4.1) |
| No | 349 (95.9) |
| Agricultural workers in the household during pregnancy | |
| Yes | 283 (77.8) |
| No | 81 (22.3) |
| Family income at 5 and 7 years | |
| < Poverty level | 294 (80.8) |
| ≥ Poverty level | 70 (19.2) |
| Infant around smokers (0–12 months) | |
| Yes | 29 (8.1) |
| No | 329 (91.9) |
| Home ≤ 150 m from highway (6 or 12 months) | |
| Yes | 17 (5.1) |
| No | 319 (94.9) |
| Mean daily PM2.5 near home (0–3 months) | |
| < 8 μg/m3 | 175 (48.1) |
| 8–12 μg/m3 | 149 (40.9) |
| ≥ 12 μg/m3 | 40 (11.0) |
| Signs of rodents at home visit (6 or 12 months) | |
| Yes | 141 (42.0) |
| No | 195 (58.0) |
| Signs of cockroaches at home visit (6 or 12 months) | |
| Yes | 224 (66.7) |
| No | 112 (33.3) |
| Signs of moderate/extensive mold at home visit (6 or 12 months) | |
| Yes | 220 (65.5) |
| No | 116 (34.5) |
| Gas stove in home (6 or 12 months) | |
| Yes | 298 (83.2) |
| No | 60 (16.8) |
| Agricultural workers in the household at 5 years | |
| Yes | 241 (70.1) |
| No | 103 (29.9) |
| Agricultural workers in the household at 7 years | |
| Yes | 235 (67.7) |
| No | 112 (32.3) |
| A total of 344 and 347 children were assessed at 5 and 7 years, respectively. A total of 327 children were assessed for respiratory symptoms at both time points (at 5 and 7 years of age), and 364 children were assessed at least once. Information was missing for the following covariates: maternal history of asthma (n = 1), infant around smokers (n = 6), distance of home from highway (n = 28), signs of rodents, cockroaches, and mold (6 or 12 months; n = 28), and gas stove at home (n = 6). | |