Table 1.
Population-weighted ambient PM2.5 and trend within Global Burden of Diseasea regions.
| Region | 2001–2010 | 1998–2012 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (mean μg/m3 ± SD) | Dust- and sea salt–free PM2.5(mean μg/m3 ± SD) | PM2.5 trend [μg/m3/year (95% CI)] | PM2.5 trend [%/year (95% CI)] | |
| aLim et al. (2012). | ||||
| Global | 26.4 ± 21.4 | 21.2 ± 19.1 | 0.55 (0.43, 0.67) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.6) |
| Asia Pacific, high income | 16.8 ± 6.4 | 15.3 ± 6.0 | –0.06 (–0.2, 0.08) | –0.4 (–1.2, 0.4) |
| Asia, Central | 17.3 ± 5.7 | 9.7 ± 3.1 | 0.29 (0.12, 0.46) | 1.7 (0.7, 2.7) |
| Asia, East | 50.3 ± 24.3 | 45.2 ± 22.5 | 1.63 (1.09, 2.17) | 3.2 (2.1, 4.3) |
| Asia, South | 34.6 ± 15.8 | 27.8 ± 13.2 | 1.02 (0.77, 1.27) | 2.9 (2.2, 3.6) |
| Asia, Southeast | 11.0 ± 6.4 | 10.2 ± 6.0 | 0.30 (0.21, 0.39) | 2.7 (1.9, 3.5) |
| Australasia | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 0.01 (–0.02, 0.04) | 0.3 (–0.7, 1.3) |
| Caribbean | 7.0 ± 2.5 | 4.7 ± 1.5 | –0.02 (–0.09, 0.05) | –0.3 (–1.3, 0.7) |
| Europe, Central | 17.8 ± 2.6 | 16.2 ± 2.7 | –0.22 (–0.48, 0.04) | –1.2 (–2.7, 0.3) |
| Europe, Eastern | 12.6 ± 3.7 | 11.2 ± 3.5 | –0.04 (–0.25, 0.17) | –0.3 (–2.0, 1.4) |
| Europe, Western | 13.5 ± 4.6 | 12.1 ± 4.2 | –0.25 (–0.37, –0.13) | –1.9 (–2.8, –1.0) |
| Latin America, Andean | 6.6 ± 3.7 | 6.6 ± 3.7 | 0.09 (–0.05, 0.23) | 1.4 (–0.7, 3.5) |
| Latin America, Central | 8.5 ± 4.3 | 7.8 ± 4.3 | –0.07 (–0.14, 0.00) | –0.8 (–1.6, 0.0) |
| Latin America, Southern | 6.4 ± 2.4 | 5.4 ± 2.3 | 0.08 (–0.01, 0.17) | 1.3 (–0.1, 2.7) |
| Latin America, Tropical | 5.0 ± 2.6 | 4.9 ± 2.5 | 0.01 (–0.03, 0.05) | 0.2 (–0.6, 1.0) |
| North Africa/Middle East | 25.5 ± 10.7 | 11.5 ± 3.6 | 0.38 (0.17, 0.59) | 1.5 (0.7, 2.3) |
| North America, high income | 9.9 ± 3.2 | 9.6 ± 3.3 | –0.33 (–0.41, –0.25) | –3.3 (–4.1, –2.5) |
| Oceania | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 0.09 (0.06, 0.12) | 3.9 (2.6, 5.2) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa, Central | 11.4 ± 3.3 | 9.9 ± 2.7 | –0.05 (–0.14, 0.04) | –0.4 (–1.2, 0.4) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa, East | 9.8 ± 8.2 | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 0.10 (0.01, 0.19) | 1.0 (0.1, 1.9) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 5.6 ± 1.9 | 0.09 (0.01, 0.17) | 1.5 (0.1, 2.9) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa, West | 30.8 ± 14.9 | 7.6 ± 2.9 | –0.04 (–0.33, 0.25) | –0.1 (–1.0, 0.8) |