Table 2. Pluripotent Stem Cell Chondrodifferentiation Techniques.
Commonly used stimuli for inducing pluripotent stem cell chondrodifferentiation in cartilage tissue engineering. Most growth factors are applied continuously throughout culture. References selected based on PubMed search, as described in “Search strategy and selection criteria.”
| GROWTH FACTOR STIMULATION | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source | Stimulus | Level | Culture method | Reference |
| ESCs | TGF-β1 | 10ng/mL | Monolayer | (Hwang, Polak, and Mantalaris, 2008) |
| TGF-β1 | 10ng/mL | Micromass | (Toh et al., 2010) | |
| TGF-β1; BMP-2 | 10ng/mL; 10ng/mL | Gelatin | (Alfred et al., 2011) | |
| TGF-β1; BMP-2 | 10ng/mL; 25ng/mL | Pellet | (Hwang et al., 2006) | |
| TGF-β1; TGF-β3; IGF-1; BMP-2 | 10ng/mL; 10ng/mL; 100ng/mL; 10ng/mL | EB | (Koay, Hoben, and Athanasiou, 2007) | |
| TGF-β1; BMP-2 | 2ng/mL; 2, 10ng/mL | EB | (zur Nieden et al., 2005) | |
| TGF-β1; BMP-7 | 10ng/mL; 300ng/mL | Pellet | (Nakagawa, Lee, and Reddi, 2009) | |
| TGF-β3 | 10ng/ml | EB | (Jukes et al., 2009) | |
| TGF-β3; BMP-2 | 10ng/mL; 10ng/mL | EB | (Bai et al., 2010) | |
| BMP-4 | 0.5ng/mL; 30–100ng/mL | EB; monolayer | (Craft et al., 2013) | |
| ESCs, iPSCs | TGF-β1; BMP-2 | 10ng/mL; 10ng/mL | Micromass | (Yamashita et al., 2013) |
| iPSCs | BMP-4; TGF-β3 | 50ng/mL; 10ng/mL | Micromass, pellet | (Diekman et al., 2012) |
| BMP-2 | 100ng/mL | Micromass | (Guzzo et al., 2012) | |
| BMP-2 | 100ng/mL | EB, agarose, PCL | (Kim et al., 2011) | |
| GROWTH FACTOR AND MECHANICAL STIMULATION | ||||
| Source | Stimulus | Level | Culture method | References |
| MSCs, ESCs | TGF-β1 Compression | 10ng/mL 1, 2, 2.5, 4hrs/d, 7, 14, 21dys @ 10%, 1Hz | Pellet, PEGDA | (Terraciano et al., 2007) |
ESCs: embryonic stem cells; iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells; TGF: transforming growth factor; BMP; bone morphogenetic protein; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; EB: embryoid body; PCL: polycaprolactone; PEGDA: poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate.