Table 1.

Myeloid cell death and host defense in TB

Cell death type	Effects on host-pathogen interaction	Consequences for host defense	References
Extrinsic and intrinsic MΦ apoptosis	Eliminates replication niche Induces anti-inflammatory cytokines Lactoferrin inhibits neutrophil recruitment Packages Mtb and antigens in apoptotic vesicles	Lower bacillary load Less immune pathology Less immune pathology Efferocytosis by DC promotes immune priming and cross presentation Efferocytosis by MO kills Mtb Efferocytosis promotes spreading infection	17;18;59; 61-65 3;4 88 54;93;94 91;92 57;68
CYPD-dependent necrosis of MΦ MΦ necrosis due to inhibition of membrane repair MΦ necrosis with high Mtb burden CpnT-mediated MΦ necrosis	Releases bacteria to extracellular space Induces pro-inflammatory cytokines	Promotes spreading infection and transmission More immune pathology	95;96 94;100 107-109 102
MΦ ETosis	Unknown	Unknown	46
DC apoptosis	Packages Mtb and antigens in apoptotic vesicles	Unknown	117
DC necrosis	Unknown	Unknown	116
Neutrophil apoptosis NETosis	Antigen transfer to DC Binds Mtb to extruded DNA but no antimicrobial effect in vitro	Accelerated immune priming Unknown -restricted spread of Mtb? -increased tissue injury?	68 109;127

MΦ, macrophage.