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. 2015 Feb 3;5:8217. doi: 10.1038/srep08217

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(a) Bacteria suspensions are treated with vancomycin and after 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min the samples are analyzed on a combined DEP-Raman setup. (b) On the chip, the bacteria are dielectrophoretically captured in a micrometer-sized region and characterized by means of Raman spectroscopy. (c) The Raman spectra are projected into a statistical model and reveal whether the pathogens are sensitive (positive vancomycin effect score) or resistant (negative vancomycin effect score) towards vancomycin. Starting with the antibiotic treatment the whole procedure takes about 2 h. Including the pre-cultivation, vancomycin resistant enteroccoci can be identified within 3.5 hours.