. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 31.

Published in final edited form as: Child Youth Care Forum. 2015 Feb;44(1):59–78. doi: 10.1007/s10566-014-9270-1

Table 2.

Symptoms of PTSD as Measured by the PAPA and DIPA

PTSD Symptoms
Intrusive recollections (e.g., intrusive memories, brings up trauma on own, distressed when talks about trauma, reenactment plan) Distressing dreams (e.g., nightmares or bad dreams) Acting or Feeling like the traumatic event were reoccurring (e.g., dissociation) Intense psychological distress (e.g., gets upset when reminded about what happened) Physiological reactivity (e.g., heart racing, stomachache when faced with reminders) Avoidance of thoughts, feelings, or conversations related to the trauma Avoidance of activities, places or people related to the trauma Not able to recall important aspects of the traumatic event Diminished interest or participation in significant activities Feeling detached or estranged from others (e.g., more distant from family members and friends) Restricted range of affect (e.g., does not show happy or angry feelings) Sense of foreshortened future (e.g. doesn’t think they will live long enough to be a big kid) Difficulty falling or staying asleep Irritability or outburst of anger (e.g., developed extreme outburst or temper tantrums) Difficulty concentrating Hyper vigilance (e.g., on alert for bad things to happen) Exaggerated startle response (e.g., jumps or startles when hears loud noises)

PTSD Symptoms

Intrusive recollections (e.g., intrusive memories, brings up trauma on own, distressed when talks about trauma, reenactment plan)
Distressing dreams (e.g., nightmares or bad dreams)
Acting or Feeling like the traumatic event were reoccurring (e.g., dissociation)
Intense psychological distress (e.g., gets upset when reminded about what happened)
Physiological reactivity (e.g., heart racing, stomachache when faced with reminders)
Avoidance of thoughts, feelings, or conversations related to the trauma
Avoidance of activities, places or people related to the trauma
Not able to recall important aspects of the traumatic event
Diminished interest or participation in significant activities
Feeling detached or estranged from others (e.g., more distant from family members and friends)
Restricted range of affect (e.g., does not show happy or angry feelings)
Sense of foreshortened future (e.g. doesn’t think they will live long enough to be a big kid)
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
Irritability or outburst of anger (e.g., developed extreme outburst or temper tantrums)
Difficulty concentrating
Hyper vigilance (e.g., on alert for bad things to happen)
Exaggerated startle response (e.g., jumps or startles when hears loud noises)

Note. PAPA = The Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (Egger et al., 2006); DIPA = Diagnostic Infant and Preschool Assessment (DIPA; Scheeringa & Haslett, 2010). These PTSD symptoms are described in DSM-V-TR (APA, 2000).