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Mono-axial pedicle screw and pedicle screw pull-out strength. A The mono-axial pedicle screw (6.5 mm × 45 mm, M8, Sofamor-Danek, USA) was used to fix the vertebral body and connected to a multi-functional biomechanical testing machine (MTS 858). B The pedicle screw pull-out strength was tested using the MTS at a rate of 5 mm/min.
