Table 1.

Summary of inflammatory response in maternal obesity across different species.

Species	Source	Elevated cytokines	Developmental stage
Human	Maternal circulation	Leptin (Stewart et al., 2007; Challier et al., 2008; Catalano et al., 2009; Madan et al., 2009), CRP (Stewart et al., 2007; Challier et al., 2008; Catalano et al., 2009; Madan et al., 2009), IL6 (Challier et al., 2008; Catalano et al., 2009; Roberts et al., 2011), MCP-1 (Madan et al., 2009)	Second trimester (Madan et al., 2009), first to third trimester (Stewart et al., 2007), Pre-labor (Challier et al., 2008; Catalano et al., 2009), Term (Roberts et al., 2011)
	Placental sample (isolated placental macrophages)	IL6 (Challier et al., 2008), IL1 (Challier et al., 2008; Roberts et al., 2011), IL8 (Roberts et al., 2011), TNF (Challier et al., 2008), MCP1 (Challier et al., 2008)	Term (Challier et al., 2008; Roberts et al., 2011)
	Fetus (umbilical cord blood)	Leptin (Catalano et al., 2009), IL6 (Catalano et al., 2009)	Term (Catalano et al., 2009)
Non-human primate	Maternal circulation	Leptin (Frias et al., 2011)	Day 130 (of 170–180 d gestation)(Frias et al., 2011)
	Placental sample	MCP1 (Frias et al., 2011), IL1B (Frias et al., 2011)	Day 130 (of 170–180 d gestation)(Frias et al., 2011)
Sheep	Placental sample	TNF (Zhu et al., 2010), IL6 (Zhu et al., 2010), IL8 (Zhu et al., 2010), IL18 (Zhu et al., 2010)	Day 75 (of 135 d gestation)(Zhu et al., 2010)
Mouse	Maternal circulation	IL1B (Heerwagen et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2014), IL6 (Heerwagen et al., 2013; Ingvorsen et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2014), IL10 (Kim et al., 2014), IFNG (Heerwagen et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2014), TNF (Heerwagen et al., 2013; Ingvorsen et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2014), CXCL1 (Heerwagen et al., 2013), MIP2a (Heerwagen et al., 2013), CCL25 (Heerwagen et al., 2013), GM-CSF (Heerwagen et al., 2013), IL2 (Heerwagen et al., 2013), IL3 (Heerwagen et al., 2013), IL9 (Heerwagen et al., 2013)	GD15.5 (Kim et al., 2014), GD17.5 (Kim et al., 2014), GD18.5 (Heerwagen et al., 2013; Ingvorsen et al., 2014)
	Placental sample	IL6 (Kim et al., 2014), IL1b (Heerwagen et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2014), TNF (Kim et al., 2014), IL10 (Kim et al., 2014), iNOS (Heerwagen et al., 2013)	GD17.5 (Kim et al., 2014), GD18.5 (Heerwagen et al., 2013)
	Fetal circulation	IL6 (Kim et al., 2014), IL17A (Kim et al., 2014), IFNG (Kim et al., 2014)	GD17.5 (Kim et al., 2014)