Table 2.

Summary of different pregnancy states and their metabolic or behavioral sequelae in the offspring.

Maternal state	Offspring phenotype	Animal models	Human data
Maternal infection	Neurobehavioral disorders	Maternal immune activated (MIA) rodents produce offspring with schizophrenia and ASD – like phenotypes (Smith et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2008; Hsiao et al., 2012; Malkova et al., 2012) Offspring of IL-6 injected rats display a subset of the MIA phenotype (Smith et al., 2007)	Maternal influenza, rubella, and respiratory tract infections during pregnancy increases offspring risk for Schizophrenia and ASDs (Williams and Mackenzie, 1977; Irving et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2008; Hsiao et al., 2012; Malkova et al., 2012)
	Metabolic disease	Offspring of MIA and IL-6 injected rodents display metabolic symptoms (Dahlgren et al., 2006; Pacheco-López et al., 2011) IL6 affects fetal hypothalamic circuitry development (Sanders et al., 2014)	Schizophrenic patients more likely to develop metabolic disease (Ryan et al., 2003; Thakore, 2004)
Maternal autoimmune disease	Neurobehavioral disorders	N/A	Maternal autoimmune diseases associated with increased risk of offspring neurodevelopmental disorders such as learning disabilities and ASD (McAllister et al., 1997; Ross et al., 2003; Neri et al., 2004)
	Metabolic disease	N/A	Maternal systemic lupus erythematosus associated with low birthweight – a risk factor for offspring obesity (Baer et al., 2011)
Maternal smoking	Neurobehavioral disorders	Prenatal cigarette exposure mouse model results in offspring displaying hyperactive behaviors with disrupted memory (Balsevich et al., 2014)	Maternal smoking a risk factor for offspring aggressive behavior, inattention and conduct disorder, and attention deficit disorder (Fergusson et al., 1993, 1998; Orlebeke et al., 1999; Linnet et al., 2003)
	Metabolic disease	Mice exposed to cigarette smoke during pregnancy have offspring with increased body weight and plasma leptin (Chen et al., 2011)	Maternal smoking predisposes offspring to obesity in adolescence (Power and Jefferis, 2002; Al Mamun et al., 2006)
Air pollution exposure	Neurobehavioral disorders	Offspring of diesel exhaust exposed mice display decreased locomotion, changes to dopamine levels, and neurodevelopmental changes (Hougaard et al., 2010; Suzuki et al., 2010; Jackson et al., 2011)	Children exposed in utero to pollutants from coal fired power plant had motor, language and social developmental delays (Tang et al., 2008)
	Metabolic disease	Offspring of diesel exhaust exposed mice display increased bodyweight, insulin resistance particularly on high fat diet (Bolton et al., 2012)	N/A