Table 4.
Demographics and medical history in relation to invasive pneumococcal disease
| Factor | Cases (n = 171) No. (%) | Controls (n = 342) No. (%) | Odds ratioa (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Male sex | 83 (49) | 184 (54) | 0.84 (0.58–1.22) |
| Nonwhite raceb | 34 (20) | 19 (6) | 4.37 (2.32–8.22) |
| Chronic conditions | |||
| High-risk for IPD c | 18 (11) | 24 (7) | 1.51 (0.77–2.94) |
| Chronic asthma | 13 (8) | 22 (6) | 1.18 (0.57–2.45) |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 11 (6) | 26 (8) | 0.49 (0.12–2.03) |
| Diagnoses/events at visit < 3 months before reference date | |||
| Antibiotic use | 66 (39) | 97 (28) | 1.57 (1.06–2.33) |
| Ophthalmologic ICD-9 | 10 (6) | 22 (6) | 0.92 (0.42–1.99) |
| ENT ICD-9 | 76 (44) | 128 (37) | 1.33 (0.92–1.93) |
| Otitis media | 46 (27) | 81 (24) | 1.20 (0.78–1.84) |
| Nonotitis media ENT ICD-9 | 30 (18) | 47 (14) | 1.34 (0.80–2.23) |
| Pulmonary ICD-9 | 24 (14) | 23 (7) | 2.20 (1.20–4.02) |
| Gastrointestinal ICD-9 | 19 (11) | 21 (6) | 1.81 (0.96–3.41) |
| Genitourinary ICD-9 | 6 (4) | 7 (2) | 1.77 (0.58–5.41) |
| Musculoskeletal ICD-9 | 5 (3) | 6 (2) | 1.59 (0.48–5.23) |
| Skin disease ICD-9 | 11 (6) | 46 (13) | 0.45 (0.22–0.90) |
| Neurologic ICD-9 | 4 (2) | 10 (3) | 0.79 (0.24–2.61) |
| Systemic disease ICD-9 | 8 (5) | 10 (3) | 1.69 (0.62–4.61) |
| Any infectious disease | 85 (50) | 146 (43) | 1.33 (0.92–1.92) |
| Infectious disease: viral ICD-9 | 14 (8) | 21 (6) | 1.33 (0.65–2.72) |
| Infectious disease: fungal ICD-9 | 1 (1) | 4 (1) | 0.52 (0.06–4.70) |
| Infectious disease: bacterial ICD-9 | 5 (3) | 5 (1) | 1.80 (0.51–6.34) |
a
Conditional logistic regression odds ratios adjusted for patterns of Health Plan membership.
b
Subjects with missing data on race (25% of cases and 51% of controls) were considered as white in this analysis.
c
Includes asthma, chronic cardiac disease, chronic pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, immune deficiency, sickle cell anemia, cancer, chronic kidney disease, functional/anatomic asplenia, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and cystic fibrosis.
CI = confidence interval; ENT = ear/nose/throat; ICD-9 = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; IPD = invasive pneumococcal disease.