Fig. 1.

Exercise and insulin regulation of glucose transport. A proposed model for the signaling pathways mediating exercise- and insulin-induced skeletal muscle glucose transport is shown. IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1; PAK, p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 1; LKB1, liver kinase B1; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; CaMK, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; SNARK, sucrose nonfermenting AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK)-related kinase; NRG, neuroglian; aPKCs, atypical PKCs; GLUT, glucose transporter; TBC1D1, Tre-2/USP6, BUB2, cdc16 domain family member 1; AS160, Akt substrate of 160 kDa; CBD, calmodulin-binding domain. [Adapted from Ref. 66.]