a, b, Finger–wrist trajectories for No PERT and PERT trials in a typical subject. Note the continuous aperture reduction in No PERT trials (magenta) and a sudden widening of grasp in PERT trials (green) due to the haptic perturbation of the index finger. c, Aperture profiles for PERT and No PERT trials for the same subject. The x-axis is centered on the moment of the perturbation (time 0). The perturbation (p) resulted in a sudden increase of grasp aperture, a perturbation reversal (r), and resumption of aperture closure. d, PMv and aIPS target sites.