Figure 1. VA oxidation activity with cell-free supernatant of four Bacillus species.

2.0 mM of VA, 0.4 mM of hydrogen peroxide, 0.5 mL of cell-free supernatant were used (total volume: 1 mL). The catalytic product veratryl aldehyde was measured at 310 nm using UV-spectrophotometer (ε_{310, veratryl aldehyde} = 9.3 mM⁻¹cm⁻¹).