Table 1. Characteristics of studies on cholesterol intake and pancreatic cancer risk.
| Study, Year (Ref.) | Country | Study design | Participants (cases) | Age (years) | RR (95%CI) for highest versus lowest category | Adjustment for covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Howe et al. 1990 [20] | Canada | Case-control | 754 (249) | 35–79 | 0.95(0.51–1.75) | Adjust for caloric and fibre intake, lifetime cigarette consumption. |
| Baghurst et al. 1991 [21] | Australia | Case-control | 357 (104) | <50–≥80 | 3.19(1.58–6.47) | Adjust for age; pack-years of smoking, tobacco consumption and vice versa. |
| Bueno de Mesquita et al. 1991 [22] | Netherlands | Case-control | 644 (164) | 35–79 | 1.33(0.72–2.45) | Adjust for age, sex, response status, total smoking and dietary intake of energy. |
| Zatonski et al. 1991 [23] | Poland | Case-control | 305 (110) | 62.2 | 4.31(1.60–11.59) | Adjust for cigarette lifetime consumption and calories. |
| Olsen et al. 1991 [24] | United States | Case-control | 432 (212) | 40–84 | 1.5(0.8–2.6) | Adjusted for total energy, age, cigarette usage, alcohol consumption, respondent-reported history of diabetes mellitus, and educational level. |
| Howe et al. 1992 [25] | Europe | Case-control | 2471 (802) | 28–87 | 2.13(1.42–3.20) | Adjusted for age, sex, nutrient variables (categorical), and lifetime cigarette consumption (continuous). |
| Kalapothaki et al. 1993 [26] | Greece | Case-control | 362 (181) | Na | 1.19(0.96–1.47) | Adjust for age, gender, hospital, past residence, years of schooling, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus and energy intake. |
| Ghadirian et al. 1995 [27] | Canada | Case-control | 418 (179) | 35–79 | 2.24(0.83–6.05) | Adjust for age, sex, lifetime cigarette consumption, response status, and total energy intake. |
| Stolzenberg-Solomon et al. 2002 [28] | Finland | Cohort | 27111 (163) | 50–69 | 0.92(0.53–1.59) | Adjust for by the residual method and for age and years of smoking, energy-adjusted folate intake and energy-adjusted saturated fat intake. |
| Michaud et al. 2003 [29] | United States | Cohort | 88802 (178) | 30–55 | 1.11(0.67–1.83) | Adjust for age, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus, caloric intake, height, physical activity, menopausal status, and glycemic load intake. |
| Nothlings et al. 2005 [30] | United States | Cohort | 190545 (482) | 45–75 | 1.09(0.89–1.32) | Adjust for age at cohort entry, ethnicity, history of diabetes mellitus, and familial history of pancreatic cancer, smoking status, and energy intake. |
| Lin et al. 2005 [31] | Japan | Case-control | 327 (109) | 40–79 | 2.06(1.11–3.85) | Adjust for age, pack-years of smoking and energy intake. |
| Chan et al. 2007 [32] | United States | Case-control | 2233 (532) | 21–85 | 1.5(1.1–2.0) | Adjust for age, sex using energy-adjusted residual model, body mass index, race, education, smoking and history of diabetes using energy-adjusted residual model. |
| Heinen et al. 2009 [33] | Netherlands | Cohort | 120852 (350) | 55–69 | 0.78(0.52–1.18) | Adjust for gender, age, energy, smoking, alcohol, history of diabetes mellitus, history of hypertension, body mass index, vegetables and fruit. |
| Lucenteforte et al. 2010 [34] | Italy | Case-control | 978 (326) | 34–80 | 1.10(0.68–1.77) | Adjust for age, sex, centre year of interview, education, tobacco smoking, history of diabetes and total energy intake. |
| Hu et al. 2012 [35] | Canada | Case-control | 5667 (628) | 20–76 | 1.57(1.09–2.26) | Adjust for sex, age, province, education, body mass index, alcohol drinking, pack-year smoking, total of vegetable and fruit intake, saturated fat and total energy intake. |
Abbreviations: Ref. = references; CI = confidence interval; RR = relative risk; Na = not available.