Table II.
Adjusted ORs of most expensive quintile hospitalization cost estimates (compared with least expensive quintile)
| Demographics | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value (unadjusted OR) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value (adjusted OR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age ≥65 y | 0.85 (0.78-0.92) | .0001 | 0.88 (0.81-0.96) | .0035 |
| Female | 0.92 (0.89-0.96) | .0002 | 0.91 (0.87-0.95) | <.0001 |
| White (ref.) | ||||
| Black | 0.96 (0.81-1.13) | .6052 | 1.04 (0.89-1.20) | .6378 |
| Hispanic | 1.76 (1.43-2.18) | <.0001 | 1.36 (1.05-1.76) | .0199 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander/Native American/other | 1.93 (1.42-2.62) | <.0001 | 1.42 (1.17-1.72) | .0004 |
| Missing | 0.86 (0.67-1.10) | .2284 | 1.03 (0.77-1.37) | .8463 |
| Medicare (ref.) | ||||
| Medicaid | 1.31 (1.15-1.50) | <.0001 | 1.04 (0.92-1.16) | .5546 |
| Private insurance | 1.16 (1.06-1.28) | .0022 | 1.12 (1.00-1.25) | .0496 |
| Self-pay/no charge/other | 0.80 (0.70-0.92) | .0017 | 0.91 (0.80-1.04) | .1562 |
| Median household income by ZIP code: 1st quartile (the poorest) (ref.) | ||||
| Median household income: 2nd quartile | 1.18 (1.04-1.34) | .0094 | 1.07 (0.95-1.21) | .2569 |
| Median household income: 3rd quartile | 1.58 (1.36-1.83) | <.0001 | 1.22 (1.05-1.40) | .0072 |
| Median household income: 4th quartile | 2.27 (1.87-2.74 | <.0001 | 1.65 (1.35-2.03) | <.0001 |
| Emergency department admission | 0.98 (0.85-1.14) | .8107 | 0.69 (0.60-0.80) | <.0001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 0.75 (0.71-0.80) | <.0001 | 0.69 (0.66-0.73) | <.0001 |
| Renal insufficiency | 1.64 (1.54-1.74) | <.0001 | 1.17 (1.11-1.24) | <.0001 |
| Diabetes | 1.26 (1.19-1.33) | <.0001 | 1.14 (1.08-1.19) | <.0001 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 3.00 (2.78-3.24) | <.0001 | 2.52 (2.37-2.68) | <.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.27 (1.20-1.33) | <.0001 | 1.22 (1.16-1.27) | <.0001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.48 (1.38-1.58) | <.0001 | 1.52 (1.44-1.60) | <.0001 |
| Anemia | 1.89 (1.74-2.05) | <.0001 | 1.28 (1.2-1.37) | <.0001 |
| Obesity | 1.71 (1.59-1.83) | <.0001 | 1.69 (1.58-1.81) | <.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 1.33 (1.24-1.42) | <.0001 | 1.23 (1.16-1.31) | <.0001 |
| Procedures | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 8.94 (7.86-10.16) | <.0001 | 5.87 (5.16-6.69) | <.0001 |
| Blood transfusion | 11.55 (10.13-13.17) | <.0001 | 8.57 (7.58-9.68) | <.0001 |
| Echocardiogram | 3.85 (2.72-5.45) | <.0001 | 2.89 (2.20-3.79) | <.0001 |
| Hemodialysis | 2.73 (2.45-3.04) | <.0001 | 1.75 (1.55-1.97) | <.0001 |
| Thoracentesis | 9.83 (8.52-11.34) | <.0001 | 8.46 (7.35-9.74) | <.0001 |
| Other therapeutic procedures | 5.19 (3.28-8.23) | <.0001 | 3.05 (1.99-4.66) | <.0001 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Bed size: small (ref.) | ||||
| Bed size: medium | 1.10 (0.84-1.45) | .4837 | 0.86 (0.64-1.15) | .3154 |
| Bed size: large | 1.34 (1.06-1.68) | .0146 | 1.08 (0.86-1.37) | .5004 |
| Government, nonfederal (public) (ref.) | ||||
| Private, not-for-profit (voluntary) | 1.29 (0.97-1.71) | .0796 | 0.79 (0.61-1.04) | .0881 |
| Private, investor-owned (proprietary) | 0.65 (0.47-0.90) | .0101 | 0.59 (0.43-0.82) | .0014 |
| Location of hospital: rural (ref.) | ||||
| Location of hospital: urban | 2.46 (1.96-3.08) | <.0001 | 1.46 (1.12-1.88) | .0044 |
| Northeast (ref.) | ||||
| Midwest | 0.38 (0.25-0.57) | <.0001 | 0.42 (0.28-0.62) | <.0001 |
| South | 0.32 (0.21-0.48) | <.0001 | 0.38 (0.25-0.57) | <.0001 |
| West | 0.94 (0.6-1.47) | .7941 | 1.02 (0.66-1.59) | .919 |
| Teaching status: teaching hospital | 1.84 (1.46-2.32) | <.0001 | 1.56 (1.23-1.98) | .0003 |
C-statistic = 0.82, 95% CI 0.80-0.83, P < .0001.
Unweighted sample size = 75986 discharges; weighted population = 382700.