Table 4.
Association between modifiable risk factors and presence of prediabetes in women
| Risk factors | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
| Smoking habit | ||||
| Current smoker vs. never smoker | 0.82 | (0.57–1.17) | 0.75 | (0.50–1.11) |
| Consumption of alcohol | ||||
| Risky drinker vs. abstinent | 1.00 | (0.66–1.50) | 1.13 | (0.72–1.76) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| WHO recommendations not followed vs. followed | 1.15 | (0.89–1.48) | 1.04 | (0.79–1.37) |
| Breakfast | ||||
| Incomplete or absent vs. complete | 1.48 | (0.95–2.30) | 1.43 | (0.89–2.30) |
| Consumption of fruit | ||||
| Non-daily vs. daily consumption | 1.06 | (0.76–1.48) | 0.94 | (0.65–1.37) |
| Consumption of vegetables | ||||
| Non-daily vs. daily consumption | 0.98 | (0.75–1.27) | 0.93 | (0.70–1.24) |
| Consumption of fish | ||||
| Consumption of <3 vs. >3 times per week | 0.95 | (0.73–1.23) | 0.94 | (0.71–1.26) |
| Consumption of legumes | ||||
| Consumption of <3 vs. >3 times per week | 0.94 | (0.71–1.23) | 0.88 | (0.66–1.19) |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Hypertension* vs. no hypertension | 1.79 | (1.37–2.35) | 1.44 | (1.07–1.92) |
| Lipids | ||||
| Hypercholesterolemia† vs. no hypercholesterolemia | 1.04 | (0.74–1.48) | 1.13 | (0.78–1.65) |
| Hypertriglyceridemia‡ vs. no hypertriglyceridemia | 1.58 | (0.98–2.54) | 1.08 | (0.64–1.80) |
| Low HDL-Cholesterol§ vs. high HDL-Cholesterol | 1.82 | (1.33–2.49) | 1.58 | (1.12–2.23) |
| Obesity | ||||
| General obesity|| vs. no general obesity | 2.26 | (1.71–2.99) | 1.42 | (1.01–1.98) |
| Abdominal obesity¶ vs. no abdominal obesity | 2.55 | (1.94–3.35) | 1.89 | (1.36–2.62) |
Data are showed in odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Model 1 is adjusted for age, educational level, marital status, region of residence, and family history of diabetes. Model 2 is adjusted for all the variables in the table plus age, educational level, marital status, region of residence, and family history of diabetes. Data in bold indicate statistically significant associations.
*Hypertension: mean systolic pressure ≥140 mmHg, or mean diastolic pressure ≥90 mmHg, or being under treatment with antihypertensive drugs, or a personal history of arterial hypertension.
†Hypercholesterolemia: plasma total cholesterol ≥250 mg/dl.
‡Hypertriglyceridemia: plasma triglycerides ≥200 mg/dl.
§Low HDL-Cholesterol: plasma High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol <50 mg/dl.
||General obesity: Body Mass Index ≥30 kg/m2.
¶Abdominal obesity: waist circumference ≥ 88 cm.