Table 2. Summary of included trials.
| Study | Participants (Exercise group) | Participants (Control group) | Exercise intervention | Frequency (per a week) | Duration (weeks) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aglamis et al. 2009 | n = 16 Age (yrs) = 56.8 (4) Female (%) = 100 | n = 9 Age (yrs) = 54.4 (12) Female (%) = 100 | Aerobic, functional strengthening, and flexibility exercises | 3 | 12 |
| An et al. 2008 | n = 14 Age (yrs) = 65.4 (8.2) Female (%) = 100 | n = 14 Age (yrs) = 64.6 (6.7) Female (%) = 100 | Baduanjin | 5 | 8 |
| Baker et al. 2001 | n = 23 Age = 69 (6) Female (%) = 73.9 | n = 23 Age = 68 (6) Female (%) = 82.6 | Two functional exercises (squats and step-ups) | 3 | 16 |
| Bautch et al. 1997 | n = 17 Age (yrs) = 69 | n = 17 Age (yrs) = 69 | Range of motion exercises and an individualized low intensity walking | 3 | 12 |
| Bennell et al. 2010 | n = 45 Age (yrs) = 64.5 (9.1) Female (%) = 48.9 | n = 44 Age (yrs) = 64.6 (7.6) Female (%) = 54.5 | Six exercises to strengthen hip abductor and adductor muscles | 5 | 12 |
| Brismee et al. 2007 | n = 22 Age (yrs) = 70.8 (9.8) Female (%) = 86.4 | n = 19 Age (yrs) = 68.8 (8.9) Female (%) = 78.9 | Tai Chi exercise | 3 | 6 |
| Doi et al. 2008 | n = 71 Age (yrs) = 66.8 (12.8) Female (%) = 77.5 | n = 70 Age (yrs) = 68.9 (21.1) Female (%) = 74.6 | Quadriceps strengthening exercises | 7 | 8 |
| Ettinger et al. 1997 | Group 1 n = 144 Age (yrs) = 69 (6) Female (%) = 69 Group 2 n = 146 Age (yrs) = 68 (6) Female (%) = 73 | n = 149 Age (yrs) = 69 (6) Female (%) = 69 | Group 1: Facility-based walking Group 2: Resistive exercise (9 exercises) | 3 | 72 |
| Fransen et al. 2001 | Group 1 n = 43 Age (yrs) = 68.5 (8.7) Female (%) = 74 Group 2 n = 40 Age (yrs) = 65.3 (7.1) Female (%) = 78 | n = 43 Age (yrs) = 66.1 (10.3) Female (%) = 67 | Group 1: The choice, frequency, and duration of individual treatments at the discretion of the treating physical therapist Group 2: Quadriceps muscle strengthening exercise, stretching, aerobic exercise, and patella taping | 2 | 8 |
| Hale et al. 2012 | n = 23 Age (yrs) = 73.6 (1.5) Female (%) = 74 | n = 16 Age (yrs) = 75.7 (1.1) Female (%) = 75 | In water-based class, warm-up/ warm-down exercises (stretching, walking forward, backward, sideways, calf and toe raises), balance exercises | 2 | 12 |
| Huang et al. 2003 | Group 1: n = 33 Group 2: n = 33 Group 3: n = 33 | n = 33 | Group 1: Isokinetic musclestrengthening exercise Group 2: Isotonic musclestrengthening exercise Group 3: Isometric musclestrengthening exercise | 3 | 8 |
| Age (yrs) = 62 (4.5) Female (%) = 70 | |||||
| Hay et al. 2006 | n = 109 Age (yrs) = 67.9 (8.5) Female (%) = 65 | n = 108 Age (yrs) = 68.2 (8.0) Female (%) = 65 | Aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening exercises and stretching exercises | 3–6 sessions / 10 weeks | 10 |
| Jan et al. 2008 | Group 1 n = 34 Age (yrs) = 63.3 (6.6) Female (%) = 79.4 Group 2 n = 34 Age (yrs) = 61.8 (7.1) Female (%) = 79.4 | n = 34 Age (yrs) = 62.8 (6.3) Female (%) = 83.3 | Group 1: The high-resistance exercise (60% of 1 RM) Group 2: The low-resistance exercise (10% of 1 RM) | 3 | 8 |
| Jan et al. 2009 | Group 1 n = 36 Age (yrs) = 62.0 (6.7) Female (%) = 66.7 Group 2 n = 36 Age (yrs) = 63.2 ( 6.8) Female (%) = 71.4 | n = 36 Age (yrs) = 62.2 (6.7) Female (%) = 68.6 | Group 1: The weight-bearing exercise in a sitting position with 1 foot fixed on the center of the pedal of an EN-Dynamic resistance device Group 2: The nonweight-bearing exercise | 3 | 8 |
| Lee et al. 2009 | n = 29 Age (yrs) = 70.2 (4.8) Female (%) = 93 | n = 15 Age (yrs) = 66.9 (6.0) Female (%) = 93 | Tai Chi exercise | 2 | 8 |
| Lim et al. 2008 | n = 26 Age (yrs) = 67.2 (6.7) Female (%) = 50 | n = 26 Age (yrs) = 64.1 (9.3) Female (%) = 63 | Quadriceps strengthening exercises (5 exercises) | 5 | 12 |
| Lin et al. 2007 | Group 1 n = 29 Age (yrs) = 61.6 (8.1) Female (%) = 69 Group 2 n = 26 Age (yrs) = 61.0 (7.7) Female (%) = 77 | n = 26 Age (yrs) = 62.8 (6.3) Female (%) = 77 | Group 1: Computerized proprioception facilitation exercise Group 2: Closed kinetic chain exercise with resistance device | 3 | 8 |
| Lin et al. 2009 | Group 1 n = 36 Age (yrs) = 63.7 (8.2) Female (%) = 69.4 Group 2 n = 35 Age (yrs) = 61.6 (7.2) Female (%) = 66.7 | n = 36 Age (yrs) = 62.2 (6.7) Female (%) = 72.2 | Group 1: Computer game footstepping exercise Group 2: The strength training in non—weight-bearing position | 3 | 8 |
| Lund et al. 2008 | Group 1 n = 25 Age (yrs) = 68 (9.5) Female (%) = 88 Group 2 n = 27 Age (yrs) = 65 (12.6) Female (%) = 83 | n = 27 Age (yrs) = 70 (9.9) Female (%) = 66% | Group 1: Strengthening/endurance exercise, balance exercise and stretching exercise (land-based) Group 2: Strengthening/endurance exercise, balance exercise and stretching exercise (aquatic based) | 2 | 8 |
| Messier et al. 2004 | Group 1 n = 80 Age (yrs) = 69 (0.8)† Female (%) = 74 Group 2 n = 76 Age (yrs) = 69 (0.8)† Female (%) = 74 | n = 78 Age (yrs) = 69 (0.1)† Female (%) = 68 | Group 1: Aerobic training and resistance training Group 2: Diet, aerobic training and resistance training | 3 | 72 |
| Miller et al. 2006 | n = 44 Age (yrs) = 69.7 (0.9)† Female (%) = 63.6 | n = 43 Age (yrs) = 69.3 (0.9)† Female (%) = 60.5 | Aerobic exercise and strengthening exercise | 3 | 24 |
| O'Reilly et al. 1999 | n = 78 Age (yrs) = 61.9 (10.0) | n = 113 Age (yrs) = 62.2 (9.7) | Isometric quadriceps contraction, Isotonic quadriceps contraction, Isotonic hamstring contraction, and Dynamic stepping exercise | 7 | 24 |
| Peloquin et al. 1999 | n = 59 Age (yrs) = 65.6 (7.4) Female (%) = 71.2 | n = 65 Age (yrs) = 66.4 (8.3) Female (%) = 69.2 | Aerobic exercises, musclestrengthening exercises, stretching exercises | 3 | 12 |
| Quilty et al. 2003 | n = 43 Age (yrs) = 66.8 (9.5) | n = 44 Age (yrs) = 66.7 (11.2) | Patellar taping, 7 exercises, posture correction, and footwear advice | 1 | 10 |
| Salli et al. 2010 | Group 1 n = 25 Age (yrs) = 55.7 (8.2) Female (%) = 82.6 Group 2 n = 25 Age (yrs) = 57.1 (6.8) Female (%) = 83.3 | n = 25 Age (yrs) = 58.3 (6.7) Female (%) = 79.2 | Group 1: Combined concentriceccentric exercise Group 2: Isometric exercise (progressive) | 3 | 8 |
| Schilke et al. 1996 | n = 10 Age (yrs) = 64.5 (59-74)‡ | n = 10 Age (yrs) = 68.4 (53-85)‡ | Isotonic muscle-strengthening exercise | 3 | 8 |
| Female (%) = 85 | |||||
| Song et al. 2003 | n = 38 Age (yrs) = 64.8 (6.0) Female (%) = 100 | n = 34 Age (yrs) = 62.5 (5.6) Female (%) = 100 | Tai Chi exercise | 3 | 12 |
| Song et al. 2010 | n = 30 Age (yrs) = 63 (7.3) Female (%) = 100 | n = 35 Age (yrs) = 61 (8.0) Female (%) = 100 | Tai Chi exercise | 7 | 24 |
| Thorstensson et al. 2005 | n = 26 Age (yrs) = 54.8 (7.1) Female (%) = 50 | n = 23 Age (yrs) = 57.3 (4.7) Female (%) = 50 | Ergometer cycling, trampoline, stepboard, floor exercises, and pulley | 2 | 6 |
| Topp et al. 2002 | Group 1 n = 32 Age (yrs) = 65.6 (1.8)† Female (%) = 80 Group 2 n = 35 Age (yrs) = 63.5 (1.9)† Female (%) = 71 | n = 35 Age (yrs) = 60.9 (1.8)† Female (%) = 66 | Group 1: Resistance-training exercises across a functional range of motion Group 2: Resistance-training exercises at discrete joint angles | 3 | 16 |
| Topp et al. 2009 | n = 26 Age (yrs) = 64.1 (7.1) n = 28 | Age (yrs) = 63.5 (6.6) | Resistance training | 3 | 5 |
| Female (%) = 68 | |||||
| Wang et al. 2007 | n = 40 Age (yrs) = 69.9 (5.7) Female (%) = 62.5 | n = 33 Age (yrs) = 68.8 (5.7) Female (%) = 63.6 | Diet, aerobic training and strength training | 3 | 24 |
| Wang et al. 2011 | Group 1 n = 26 Age (yrs) = 67.7 (5.6) Female (%) = 84.6 Group 2 n = 26 Age (yrs) = 68.3 (6.4) Female (%) = 88.5 | n = 26 Age (yrs) = 67.9 (5.9) Female (%) = 84.6 | Group 1: Flexibility training, aerobic training, lower body training, upper body training (aquatic based) Group 2: Flexibility training, aerobic training, lower body training, upper body training (land-based) | 3 | 12 |
†: Standard error,
‡: Range