Table 1.
Characteristics of studies.
| Source | Indication | Sample1 | Age (mean ± SD) | Age (range) | Gender (% females) | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keren et al., 1991 | Secondary | 18 | 62 | Not reported | 0% | Not reported | History of organic brain syndrome |
| Psychiatric hospitalizations | |||||||
| Anxiolytic, antidepressant or neuroleptic medications at the time of the initial clinical evaluation | |||||||
| Morris et al., 1991 | Secondary | 20 | 60.9 | Not reported | 35% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Luderitz et al., 1993 | Unclear | 57 | 59 ± 13 | Not reported | 12% | Third-generation ICD ATP device | Not reported |
| Dougherty, 1995 | Secondary | 15 | 57 | Not reported | 13.4% | Cardiac arrest from primary VF | Physiologically or neurologically compromised |
| AMI in conjunction with SCA or a cardiac arrest for reasons not related to cardiovascular causes | |||||||
| Chevalier et al., 1996 | Primary | 32 | 54.5 | 22–73 | 12.5% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Burgess et al., 1997 | Not declared | 25 | 65 | 29–80 | 0% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Herrmann et al., 1997 | Both | 63 | 61 ± 13 | Not reported | 21% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Heller et al., 1998 | Primary | 58 | 64 ± 11 | 37–84 | 28% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Dunbar et al., 1999 | Both | 163 | 59.6 ± 13 | 24–85 | 17% | Intact cognitive status | History of psychiatric disorder |
| Dunbar et al., 1999 | Both | 176 | 59.8 ± 13 | 25–85 | 18% | Intact cognitive status | History of psychiatric illness requiring medication, psychotherapy or hospitalization |
| Goodman and Hess, 1999 | Not declared | 25 | 65 | 29–80 | 0% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Herbst et al., 1999 | Not declared | 49 | 65 ± 11.7 | Not reported | 12% | Not reported | Major cardiac surgery (i.e., heart transplantation or CABG) or pacemaker implantation |
| LVEF < 35% | |||||||
| NYHA Class < III | |||||||
| Namerow et al., 1999 | Primary | 262 | 63.6 ± 9.2 | Not reported | 15% | Scheduled CABG | Participation in the enrolling center's ICD support group meetings |
| LVEF <0.36 | |||||||
| Abnormal signal-averaged ECG | |||||||
| Pauli et al., 1999 | Both | 61 | 55.7 ± 9 | 25–65 | 20% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Duru et al., 2001 | Not declared | 76 | 57 ± 13 | Not reported | 15.8% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Godemann et al., 2001 | Secondary | 72 | 69.1 ± 10.4 | Not reported | 13.9% | Intellectual and physical fit for participation | Not reported |
| Irvine et al., 2002 | Secondary | 86 | 64.4 ± 8.6 | Not reported | 12.1% | CISD | Not reported |
| Schron et al., 2002 | Secondary | 373 | 64.3 ± 10.5 | Not reported | 18.7% | AVID | Not reported |
| Wallace et al., 2002 | Secondary | 58 | 67 | Not reported | 24% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Kamphuis et al., 2002 | Secondary | 133 | 55.24 ± 13.7 | Not reported | 26.3% | Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest | Not reported |
| Kamphuis et al., 2003 | Secondary | 132 | 55.24 ± 13.7 | Not reported | 26.5% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Newman et al., 2003 | Primary | 150 | 62 ± 12 | Not reported | 27% | 2 symptomatic AF or atrial flutter episodes in the 3 months before implantation and to have failed at least 1 antiarrhythmic drug because of inefficacy or toxicity | History of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias or class IV heart failure |
| Strickberger et al., 2003 | Primary | 51 | 58 ± 11 | Not reported | 33% | NIDCM | Syncope, pregnancy, a contraindication to Amiodarone or defibrillator therapy or concomitant therapy with a Class I antiarrhythmic drug |
| LVEF = 0.35 asymptomatic NSVT | |||||||
| NYHA functional class I to III | |||||||
| Godemann et al., 2004a | Secondary | 90 | 59.5 ± 11.1 | Not reported | 13.3% | Intact cognitive status | ICD implantation <1 year previously |
| Godemann et al., 2004b | Secondary | 93 | 59.7 ± 11.2 | 29–81 | 14% | Intact cognitive status | ICD implantation <1 year previously |
| Pedersen et al., 2004 | Secondary | 182 | 62 ± 13 | Not reported | 19% | Not reported | Terminally ill, brain damage, too many missing values on questionnaires |
| Wathen et al., 2004 | Both | 55 | 67 ± 11 | Not reported | 21% | Not reported | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, long-QT syndrome or Brugada syndrome |
| Carroll and Hamilton, 2005 | Secondary | 59 | 60 | 21–84 | 28.8% | Intact cognitive status | Not reported |
| Pedersen et al., 2005 | Secondary | 182 | 62 ± 13 | Not reported | 19% | Not reported | Terminally ill, brain damage, too many missing values on questionnaires |
| Sears et al., 2005 | Secondary | 60 | 65.3 | 22–89 | Not reported | Cognitive impairment | |
| Bilge et al., 2006 | Both | 91 | 53 ± 14 | 18–86 | 13.2% | Not reported | Significant psychiatric illness and recent ICD implantation (<3 months) |
| Cuculi et al., 2006 | Both | 55 | 61.6 | 30–81 | 23.3% | Recalled and potentially flawed ICD | Not reported |
| Leosdottir et al., 2006 | Not reported | 41 | 61.8 ± 14.2 | 25–85 | 31.7% | Not reported | Major mental or physical disabilities |
| Luyster et al., 2006 | Both | 100 | 67.9 ± 11.7 | 35–85 | 19% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Crossmann et al., 2007 | Both | 35 | 57 ± 6.3 | 35–65 | 14% | LVEF <0.36 | Participation in the enrolling center's ICD support group meetings |
| Abnormal signal-averaged electrocardiogram | |||||||
| Passman et al., 2007 | Primary | 227 | 59 ± 14 | Not reported | 27% | LVEF ≤ 35% not caused by CAD History of symptomatic heart failure Either non-sustained ventricular tachycardia or 10 or more premature ventricular depolarizations per hour | Not reported |
| Pedersen et al., 2007 | Secondary | 154 | 58.5 ± 12.5 | Not reported | 18.8% | Not reported | Life expectancy <1 year, history of psychiatric illness other than affective/anxiety disorders, on the waiting list for heart transplantation |
| Piotrowicz et al., 2007 | Primary | 390 | Unclear | Not reported | Unclear | MADIT-II | Not reported |
| Sossong, 2007 | Both | 90 | 65.4 ± 10.6 | 36–88 | 22.2% | ICD for at least 2 months since implantation | Not reported |
| Intact cognitive status | |||||||
| Johansen et al., 2008 | Secondary | 610 | 62.4 | 18–85 | 18% | Not reported | First ICD implant within the last 3 months, HTX, death or ICD removed, cognitive impairment, overall insufficient data quality, procedural error |
| Ladwig et al., 2008 | Both | 147 | 59.9 ± 13 | Not reported | 15% | Time since implantation longer than 3 months | Not reported |
| Rapid onset of the CHD condition | |||||||
| Mark et al., 2008 | Primary | 816 | 59.9 ± 11.9 | Not reported | 22.9% | NYHA chronic and stable class II or III congestive heart failure | Not reported |
| LVEF ≤ 35% | |||||||
| Pedersen et al., 2008a | Secondary | 566 | 61.9 ± 14.3 | 18–85 | 18% | Not reported | First ICD implant within the last 3 months, HTX, death or ICD removed, cognitive impairment, overall insufficient data quality, procedural error |
| Pedersen et al., 2008b | Both | 176 | 59 | Not reported | 80.7% | LVEF <0.36 | Life expectancy <1 year, history of psychiatric illness other than affective/anxiety disorders, on the waiting list for heart transplantation |
| Abnormal signal-averaged electrocardiogram | |||||||
| Van Den Broek et al., 2008 | Both | 308 | 62.6 ± 10.1 | Not reported | 18% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Jacq et al., 2009 | Both | 65 | 59.8 ± 14.8 | Not reported | 13.8% | Not reported | Previous medical or surgical problem at the time of interview |
| Noyes et al., 2009 | Primary | 601 | 64.6 | Not reported | 17% | Prior AMI and a LVEF ≤ 0.30 | Experience of an ICD shock before baseline HRQOL data collection |
| Pedersen et al., 2009 | Secondary | 557 | 61.9 ± 14.3 | Not reported | 18.1% | Not reported | First ICD implant within the last 3 months, HTX, death or ICD removed, cognitive impairment, overall insufficient data quality, procedural error |
| Spindler et al., 2009 | Secondary | 535 | 61.5 ± 14.4 | Not reported | 18.1% | Not reported | First ICD implant within the last 3 months, HTX, death or ICD removed, cognitive impairment, overall insufficient data quality, procedural error |
| Thomas et al., 2009 | Primary | 57 | 59.8 ± 11.8 | Not reported | 18% | NYHA class II or III | History of ventricular arrhythmias or cardiac arrest. |
| LVEF ≤ 35% | |||||||
| Van Den Broek et al., 2009 | Both | 165 | 62.1 ± 10.6 | Not reported | 12.7% | Not reported | Cognitive impairment (e.g., dementia), severe comorbidities (e.g., cancer) |
| Kapa et al., 2010 | Both | 223 | 66 ± 12 | Not reported | 17.9% | Not reported | Not reported |
| Pedersen et al., 2010a | Both | 348 | 57.7 ± 12.1 | Not reported | 21% | Not reported | Life expectancy <1 year, history of psychiatric illness other than affective/anxiety disorders, on the waiting list for heart transplantation |
| Redhead et al., 2010 | Secondary | 100 | 69 | 41–88 | 17% | ICD already implanted over a 3-year period | Not reported |
| Suzuki et al., 2010 | Both | 90 | 57 ± 16 | Not reported | 28% | new implantation of ICD or CRT-D devices, an existing ICD/CRT-D, upgrade from ICD to CRT-D, generator replacement, electrical storm or acute decompensated heart failure | Not reported |
| Versteeg et al., 2010 | Secondary | 300 | 57.9 ± 12 | Not reported | 19.7% | MIDAS | Not reported |
| Dickerson et al., 2010 | Both | 76 | 62.4 ± 11.5 | 32–84 | 23.8% | Not reported | History of acute psychiatric disorders |
| Habibovic et al., 2012 | Both | 395 | 62.8 ± 10.3 | Not reported | 19% | Not reported | Cognitive impairments (e.g., dementia), psychiatric history (other than affective disorders), life-threatening comorbidities (e.g., cancer), life expectancy <1year |
| Pedersen et al., 2011 | Both | 284 | 61.2 ± 10.2 | Not reported | 21.1% | Not reported | Significant cognitive impairments (e.g., dementia), life-threatening comorbidities (e.g., cancer), history of psychiatric illness other than affective/anxiety disorders |
| Von Känel et al., 2011 | Both | 107 | 57.2 ± 14.2 | Not reported | 38.3% | Time since implantation longer than 3 months | Not reported |
1
Number of ICD patients whose data were analyzed.