FIGURE 4.

Effects of HYA and HYB on expression of fatty acid receptors. A, after stimulation with TNF-α for 6 h, total RNA was extracted from Caco-2 cells, and the mRNA expression of fatty acid receptors (GPR40, GPR120, PPARγ, GPR41, and GPR43) was examined by real time RT-PCR (n = 3). B, protein was extracted from Caco-2 cells (n = 3), and expression of GPR40 was examined by immunoblotting. Results are expressed as means ± S.E. *, p < 0.05, and **, p < 0.01, compared with untreated; #, p < 0.05, and ##, p < 0.01, compared with IFN-γ + TNF-α (−); $, p < 0.05, and $$, p < 0.01, compared with HYA (Tukey-Kramer). Each result (A and B) is representative of three independent similar experiments. C and D, after stimulation with IFN-γ + TNF-α, Caco-2 cells were labeled for GPR40 (green) and DAPI (blue) (C) or GPR40 (green) and rhodamine-phalloidin (red) (D). The x-z as well as x-y fluorescence images of HYA-treated cells were obtained (C). Scale bars, 20 μm. Each image (C and D) is representative of two independent similar experiments.