FIGURE 6.

Inhibitory effects of a GPR40 antagonist on the barrier-recovering and TNFR2-suppressive activity of HYA. Caco-2 cells were pretreated with the GPR40 antagonist GW1100 for 30 min, and then the barrier-recovering effects of HYA were evaluated as per Fig. 2. A, time course of changes in TER. Open symbols are values from cells without GW1100 treatment, and closed symbols are with GW1100 treatment (left). ○ and ●, untreated; □ and ■, IFN-γ + TNF-α; ▵ and ▴, IFN-γ + TNF-α + HYA. The data on TER at 6 h is shown (right). B and C, evaluation of FD-4 permeability and IL-8 concentration. D, effects of HYA on TNFR2 expression were evaluated as per Fig. 3 by immunoblotting. *, p < 0.05, and **, p < 0.01, compared with untreated; #, p < 0.05, and ##, p < 0.01, compared with IFN-γ + TNF-α (−) or IFN-γ (−);$, p < 0.05, and $$, p < 0.01, compared with HYA (Tukey-Kramer). ND, not detected. NS, not significant. Data represent the means ± S.E. Each result (A–D) is representative of three independent similar experiments.