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. 2015 Feb 1;218(3):370–380. doi: 10.1242/jeb.114942

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© 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

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Fig. 1. — Larval and adult heart contractions in Anopheles gambiae. (A) Larval restraint technique for brightfield intravital video recording of heart contractions. Larvae were restrained in water that was pooled between two stacks of coverslips. (B) Brightfield image of the larval abdomen showing that the heart (arrowheads) is located between the dorsal longitudinal tracheal trunks (arrows). (C) Graphical representation of larval heart contractions, where each peak represents a contraction. Contractions from the middle third of the 60 s recording are magnified in the lower graph. All larval contractions propagate in the anterograde direction. (D) Adult restraint technique for brightfield intravital video recording of heart contractions. Adults were cold-anesthetized and pins were placed through non-vascular portions of the wings and over the neck. (E) Brightfield image of the adult abdomen showing the heart (arrowheads). (F) Graphical representation of adult heart contractions, where each peak represents a heart contraction. Contractions from the middle third of the 60 s recording are magnified in the lower graph. Unshaded and shaded areas represent periods of anterograde and retrograde heart contraction, respectively.