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Dose–response function for 17β-estradiol (E2) effects on cognition. The relationship between the E2 dose and memory can be described by an inverted U function, such that ovariectomy and a low level of E2 result in poor memory. Memory is enhanced by increasing E2 to within the physiological range. Memory improvement is supplanted by impaired memory as E2 levels increase to supraphysiological levels.
