Table 1.
Published articles about the drug-induced hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes
| Ref. | Subjects | Year | Nation | Setting | OAD | Insulin | Combination |
| Kim et al[27] | Type 2 (n = 298) | 2004-2009 | South Korea | The Emergency Department of two general hospitals | Glimepiride (24.2%) Gliclazide (5.4%) Glibenclamide (8.4%) | NPH/RI (38.3%) Premixed (11.1%) Glargine/Detemir (13.1%) | |
| Tsujimoto et al[28] | Type 1 (n = 85) | 2006-2012 | Japan | Retrospective cohort study in one medical center | Insulin (100%) | ||
| Type 2 (n = 305) | SU (42.3%) Others (6.6%) | Insulin (51.1%) | |||||
| Signorovitch et al[29] | Type 2 not treated with insulin (n = 5582) | 1998-2010 | United States | US-based employer claims database | SU (38.2%) Biguanides (56.3%) a-GI (0.9%) Sitagliptin (1.0%) Incretin mimetics (0.5%) TZD (14.9%) | ||
| Moisan et al[30] | Not determined (n = 3575) | 2000-2008 | Canada | Inception cohort study using the database of the Quebec health insurance board and the Quebec registry of hospitalizations | SU (32.1%) Metformin (45.0%) SU + Metformin (12.3%) Others (2.1%) | Insulin (8.5%) | |
| Hsu et al[31] | Type 2 (n = 500) | 1998-2009 | Taiwan | A nationwide population-based study using the National Health Insurance Research Database | SU (67.8%) Others (61.4%) | Insulin (24.2%) | |
| Holstein et al[32] | Type 1 (n = 92) | 1997-2000 | German | A longitudinal population-based study | Conventional (27.2%) Intensified (69.6%) CSII (3.3%) | ||
| Type 1 (n = 121) | 2007-2010 | Conventional (6.6%) Intensified (79.3%) CSII (13.2%) | |||||
| Type 2 (n = 148) | 1997-2000 | SU (30.4%) | Conventional (52.7%) Intensified (0%) CSII (0%) | SU + Insulin (16.9%) | |||
| Type 2 (n = 225) | 2007-2010 | SU (29.8%) Metformin (0.9%) | Conventional (40.8%) Intensified (21.8%) CSII (0%) | SU + Insulin (6.7%) | |||
| Ha et al[33] | Not determined (n = 320) | 2006-2009 | South Korea | Retrospective analysis of hypoglycemic patients presented to emergency room of Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital | Glimepiride (29.7%) Glibenclamide (4.7%) Gliclazide (4.7%) Gliquidone (1.3%) Glipizide (0.9%) Others (24.7%) | Insulin (29.1%) | SU + Insulin (5.0%) |
| Geller et al[34] | Not determined (n = 8100) | 2007-2011 | United States | Nationally representative public health surveillance of adverse drug events among insulin-treated patients seeking emergency department care | Insulin (83.4%) | Insulin + Biguanide (8.5%) SU (6.6%) TZD (3.6%) DPP-4 inhibitors (1.3%) GLP-1 analogues (0.2%) Others (0.9%) | |
| Ben-Ami et al[35] | Type 1 and 2 (n = 99) | 1986-1992 | Israel | Retrospective analysis of the medical record in Rambam Medical Center | Glyburide (51.5%) Glyburide + Metformin (10.2%) | Insulin (23.2%) | Insulin + Glyburide (13.1%) Insulin + Metformin (2.0%) |
| Quilliam et al[36] | Type 2 (n = 536581) | 2004-2008 | United States | Retrospective cohort designed to assess the rate and costs of hypoglycemia among working-age patients with type 2 diabetes in the MarketScan database | SU (42.3%) Metformin (75.7%) TZD (33.3%) Other oral agents (4.4%) | Insulin (6.0%) Other injectable agents (2.7%) | |
| Parsaik et al[37] | Type 1 (n = 210) | 2003-2009 | United States | Population-basedstudy | Simple insulin (10.0%) MDI (67.0%) CSII(18.0%) | OAD + Insulin (1.0%) | |
| Type 2 (n = 503) | OAD (23.0%) | Simple insulin (27.0%) MDI (37.0%) CSII (1.0%) | OAD + Insulin(11.0%) |
a-GI: a-glucosidase inhibitors; CSII: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; MDI: Multiple daily insulin injection; NPH: Neutral protamine Hagedorn; OAD: Oral anti-diabetic drug; RI: Regular insulin; SU: Sulfonylurea; TZD: Thiazolidinediones.