Table 2.
Published articles about the underlying clinical factors for the development of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes
| Ref. | Clinical factors | Hypoglycemia | No hypoglycemia | P value |
| Yaffe et al[49] | Black race/ethnicity (%) | 72.1 | 44.9 | < 0.01 |
| Education (< high school education) (%) | 36.1 | 24.0 | 0.04 | |
| Glycated hemoglobin level (%) | 8.0 | 7.2 | < 0.01 | |
| Prevalent diabetes mellitus (%) | 85.2 | 47.9 | < 0.01 | |
| MMSE score [mean (SD)] | 89.6 (5.7) | 91.5 (5.2) | < 0.01 | |
| Hsu et al[31] | Hypertension (%) | 63.6 | 51.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Liver cirrhosis (%) | 3.0 | 1.3 | 0.0074 | |
| Renal disease (%) | 17.4 | 5.2 | < 0.0001 | |
| Mental disease (%) | 21.4 | 12.5 | < 0.0001 | |
| Cancer (%) | 8.0 | 2.4 | < 0.0001 | |
| Stroke (%) | 15.0 | 4.0 | < 0.0001 | |
| Heart disease (%) | 13.2 | 3.6 | < 0.0001 | |
| Leese et al[51] | Age (mean, yr) | |||
| Type 1 treated with insulin | 37.7 | 32.8 | 0.009 | |
| Type 2 treated with insulin | 66.6 | 63.2 | 0.038 | |
| Diabetes duration (mean, years) | ||||
| Type 1 treated with insulin | 20.7 | 16.7 | 0.013 | |
| BMI (mean, kg/m2) | ||||
| Type 2 treated with insulin | 26.7 | 30.1 | < 0.001 | |
| Signorovitch et al[29] | Mental disorders (%) | 15.2 | 11.4 | < 0.001 |
| Neurological disorders (%) | 17.2 | 10.7 | < 0.001 | |
| Cardiovascular disorders (%) | 60.4 | 59.0 | 0.05 | |
| Renal disorders (%) | 16.5 | 12.3 | < 0.001 | |
| Epilepsy (%) | 1.2 | 0.7 | < 0.001 | |
| Stroke (%) | 4.9 | 2.9 | < 0.001 | |
| CCI [mean (SD)] | 1.42 (1.70) | 1.3 | < 0.001 | |
| Punthakee et al[50] | Age [yr, mean (SD)] | 63.91 (6.41) | 62.41 (5.77) | 0.002 |
| Female (%) | 55.6 | 46.1 | 0.019 | |
| Race | < 0.0001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white (%) | 60.0 | 70.9 | ||
| African American (%) | 30.0 | 15.4 | ||
| Hispanic (%) | 6.3 | 7.1 | ||
| Others (%) | 3.8 | 6.6 | ||
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school (%) | 16.3 | 12.8 | ||
| High school graduate (%) | 35.0 | 25.2 | ||
| Some college (%) | 26.9 | 35.1 | 0.01 | |
| College graduate (%) | 21.9 | 26.9 | ||
| BMI [mean (SD), kg/m2] | 32.08 (5.64) | 33.03 (5.33) | 0.029 | |
| Diabetes duration [mean (SD) of years] | 14.13 (8.74) | 10.18 (7.22) | < 0.0001 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.46 (1.06) | 8.27 (1.05) | 0.021 | |
| History of stroke (%) | 11.3 | 4.6 | 0.0002 | |
| History of cardiovascular disease (%) | 41.9 | 28.4 | 0.0003 | |
| Neuropathy score [mean (SD)] | 0.53 (0.50) | 0.45 (0.50) | 0.049 | |
| UACR (mg/mmol) | < 0.0001 | |||
| < 30 (%) | 58.8 | 72.4 | ||
| 30-300 (%) | 27.5 | 21.9 | ||
| > 300 (%) | 13.8 | 5.7 | ||
| DSST score [mean (SD)] | 46.45 (17.01) | 52.89 (15.76) | < 0.0001 | |
| RAVLT score [mean (SD)] | 6.90 (2.72) | 7.55 (2.53) | 0.002 | |
| Stroop score [mean (SD)] | 37.69 (22.02) | 31.66 (16.25) | < 0.0001 | |
| MMSE score [mean (SD)] | 26.83 (2.80) | 27.45 (2.49) | 0.002 |
BMI: Body mass index; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; DSST: Digit Symbol Substitution Test; MMSE: Mini-Mental Status Exam; RAVLT: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; UACR: Urinary albumin creatinine ratio.