Table 3.

Prevalence of associated autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes[15,55,56,60,97,100,136-143]

Associated disease	Patients with type 1 diabetes		General population
	Prevalence of organ-specific Abs	Overt disease	Prevalence of organ-specific Abs	Overt disease
Type 1 diabetes	ICA in 85%-90%	100%	ICA in 1%-3 %	0.1%-1.0%
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis	TPO Abs in 15%-30%	10%-20%	TPO Abs in 2%-10%	0.5%-9.0%
Graves’ disease	TSH-R Abs in 1%-18%	3%-6%	TSH-R Abs in 1%-2%	0.1%-2.0%
Addison’s disease	21-OH Abs in 0.7%-2.0%	0.5%-0.8%	21-OH Abs in 0.6%	0.005%-0.140%
Autoimmune hypophysitis and/or hypopituitarism	Pituitary Abs in 3.6%	0.4%-0.9%	Pituitary Abs in 0.5%	0.24%-0.80%
Autoimmune type A gastritis and pernicious anemia	Gastric parietal cell Abs in 13%-25%	5%-10% (2%-6%)	Gastric parietal cell Abs in 2.5%-12.0%	2% (0.15%-1.00%)
Celiac disease	Transglutaminase Abs in 8%-12%	1%-9%	Transglutaminase Abs in 0.5%-1.0%	0.50%

Abs: Antibodies; ICA: Islet cell antibodies; TPO: Thyroperoxidase; TSH-R: Thyrotropin receptor antibodies; 21-OH: 21 Hydroxylase.