Table 2.

Carotenoids in plasma and omega-3 fatty acids in erythrocytes by diagnosis

	Living in community residence									Living with relatives
	Prader–Willi syndrome (n=20)			Williams syndrome (n=21)			Down syndrome (n=24)			Down syndrome (n=16)
Carotenoids (µmol/l)	Median	Q1	Q3	Median	Q1	Q3	Median	Q1	Q3	Median	Q1	Q3
Lycopene	0.806	0.564	0.918	0.579	0.490	0.875	0.810	0.554	1.113	0.822	0.686	0.896
Lutein	0.259*	0.220	0.328	0.149	0.119	0.267	0.186	0.145	0.206	0.178	0.143	0.211
Zeaxanthin	0.084*	0.051	0.104	0.051	0.029	0.091	0.054	0.048	0.076	0.060	0.042	0.068
β-Cryptoxanthin	0.258*	0.176	0.326	0.138	0.069	0.248	0.128	0.103	0.227	0.121	0.074	0.177
α-Carotene	0.227*	0.178	0.377	0.084	0.041	0.126	0.103	0.066	0.146	0.076	0.048	0.116
β-carotene	0.984*	0.519	1.335	0.456	0.327	0.538	0.351	0.239	0.482	0.365	0.262	0.465
Total carotenoids	2.76*	2.14	3.14	1.63	1.17	2.22	1.76	1.34	1.99	1.65	1.43	1.81
Omega-3 fatty acids (w %)
ALAa	0.193	0.180	0.209	0.189	0.172	0.203	0.201	0.174	0.220	0.207	0.162	0.228
EPAb	2.00	1.30	2.83	1.00**	0.75	1.40	1.10	0.90	1.70	1.20	1.10	1.45
DPAc	2.60	2.40	3.05	2.50**	2.35	2.90	2.75	2.63	3.10	2.70	2.60	2.88
DHAd	6.90	6.00	8.03	5.40**	4.65	6.30	6.15	5.80	7.50	6.75	5.25	7.30
Total omega-3 FAs	12.12	9.80	13.50	9.30**	8.55	10.51	10.19	9.44	12.75	10.67	9.56	11.72

Median plasma concentrations of carotenoids and median erythrocyte fatty acids presented with 25th and 75th percentiles (Q1 and Q3).

^aα-Linolenic acid, C18:3;

^beicosapentaenoic acid, C20:5;

^cdocosapentaenoic acid, C22:5;

^ddocosahexaenoic acid, C22:6.

^* p<0.05 when participants with PWS were compared to participants with WS and DS using linear regression models, adjusted for BMI.

^** p<0.05 when participants with WS were compared to participants with PWS and DS using linear regression models, adjusted for BMI.