Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for low-risk and high-risk groups
| Characteristica | Low Risk (n=18,016) | High Risk (n=22,136) | All (n=40,152) | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | <0.001 | |||
| 18–44 | 3667 (20.4) | 4318 (19.5) | 7985 (19.9) | |
| 45–64 | 6638 (36.9) | 8427 (38.1) | 15,065 (37.5) | |
| 65–74 | 3289 (18.3) | 4550 (20.6) | 7839 (19.5) | |
| ≥75 | 4417 (24.5) | 4830 (21.8) | 9247 (23) | |
| Men | 10,034 (55.7) | 12,883 (58.2) | 22,917 (57.1) | <0.001 |
| Race | <0.001 | |||
| White | 14,166 (78.6) | 17,457 (78.9) | 31,623 (78.8) | |
| Black | 1466 (8.1) | 1552 (7) | 3018 (7.5) | |
| Other | 2384 (13.2) | 3127 (14.1) | 5511 (13.7) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 (n=33,371) | 26.8 (23.3–31.1) | 26.6 (23.3–31.1) | 26.7 (23.3–31) | 0.22 |
| Comorbid condition | ||||
| Diabetes | 1217 (6.8) | 1272 (5.7) | 2489 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac disease | 1543 (8.6) | 1986 (9) | 3529 (8.8) | 0.16 |
| Chronic renal disease | 317 (1.8) | 296 (1.3) | 613 (1.5) | 0.001 |
| History of hypertension | 5924 (32.9) | 6735 (30.4) | 12,659 (31.5) | <0.001 |
| Multiple comorbidity | 5669 (31.5) | 7204 (32.5) | 12,873 (32.1) | 0.02 |
| Surgical admission (n=37,496) | 8286 (49.5) | 13,453 (64.8) | 21,739 (58) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | ||||
| Known baseline (n=15,622) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.18 |
| Hospital admission (n=37,272) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.3) | <0.001 |
| Reference | 0.81 (0.7–1) | 0.9 (0.7–1) | 0.86 (0.7–1) | <0.001 |
| Reference eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 0.11 | |||
| <30 | 344 (1.9) | 415 (1.9) | 759 (1.9) | |
| 30–60 | 1484 (8.2) | 1952 (8.8) | 3436 (8.6) | |
| >60 | 16,182 (89.9) | 19,756 (89.3) | 35,938 (89.5) | |
| APS-III score (n=39,997)c | 40 (29–53) | 67 (48–89) | 53 (36–75) | <0.001 |
| Severity of hypotensionc,d | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–6.5) | 0 (0–2.1) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressor usec | n/a | 8560 (38.7) | 8560 (21.3) | n/a |
| Mechanical ventilationc | n/a | 20,401 (92.2) | 20,401 (50.8) | n/a |
| Suspected sepsisc | 1097 (6.1) | 3077 (13.9) | 4174 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Nephrotoxic drugs | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 2116 (11.7) | 950 (4.3) | 3066 (7.6) | <0.001 |
| Vancomycin | 1200 (6.7) | 3220 (14.5) | 4420 (11) | <0.001 |
| Aminoglycoside | 264 (1.5) | 476 (2.2) | 740 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Other antibiotic | 836 (4.6) | 980 (4.4) | 1816 (4.5) | 0.31 |
| Calcineurin inhibitor | 437 (2.4) | 1737 (7.8) | 2174 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Nonsteroidal | 4452 (24.7) | 3545 (16) | 7997 (19.9) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 2905 (16.1) | 3742 (16.9) | 6647 (16.6) | 0.04 |
| Other nephrotoxic drugs | 531 (2.9) | 1882 (8.5) | 2413 (6) | <0.001 |
| Admitting ICU service | ||||
| Medical | 2937 (16.3) | 2893 (13.1) | 5830 (14.5) | <0.001 |
| General surgical | 2874 (16) | 3380 (15.3) | 6254 (15.6) | 0.06 |
| Trauma | 697 (3.9) | 1565 (7.1) | 2262 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Neurosurgical | 3404 (18.9) | 2546 (11.5) | 5950 (14.8) | <0.001 |
| Neurology | 742 (4.1) | 908 (4.1) | 1650 (4.1) | >0.99 |
| Cardiac | 3680 (20.4) | 2432 (11) | 6112 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Cardiothoracic surgery | 1245 (6.9) | 4687 (21.2) | 5932 (14.8) | <0.001 |
| Liver transplant | 2437 (13.5) | 3725 (16.8) | 6162 (15.3) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as n (%) or median (Q1–Q3) unless otherwise indicated. BMI, body mass index; APS-III, acute physiology score; n/a, not applicable; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ICU, intensive care unit.
a
Missing values for age (16 patients) and sex (2 patients); otherwise, the n for each variable is provided in parentheses.
b
P value for the comparison of low-risk and high-risk groups.
c
Measured within 24 hours after ICU admission.
d
Area under the curve for severity and duration of hypotension (see the Materials and Methods).