Table 1.

Summary of findings from studies of sexually transmitted co-infections in people living with HIV/AIDS.

Study Authors, Date	Sample - all HIV+	% Receiving ART	STI diagnosis/detection	STI point prevalence	STI time-interval prevalence
Africa and Middle East
Machekano et al., 2000 (28)	666 men factory workers, Zimbabwe	NR	Presentation with urethral discharge, genital ulcer, genital warts, or other	11% Genital ulcers 5% Urethral discharge
Aboud et al., 2008 (5)	2292 pregnant women enrolled in an HIV prevention trial, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia	NR	External examination, serology, gram-stain	47.8% bacterial vaginosis 2.6% Chlamydia 2.2% genital ulcer 1.7% gonorrhea 18.8% Trichomoniasis
Agmon-Levin et al., 2010 (47)	1060 patients receiving HIV-related care, Israel	NR	Clinical records and serology		14% syphilis
Asia
Zhang et al., 2007(48)	16 men, VCT center, China	None, initial test	Serology	31% Chlamydia 50% syphilis
Park et al., 2008(49)	539 patients at HIV clinics, Republic of Korea	100% taking HAART	Serology	10% early syphilis 3% primary syphilis 7% secondary syphilis
Lee et al., 2009(50)	116 men and 7 women attending HIV clinic, China	NR	Self-reported history, medical records, serology and urine screening	8.9% had active STDs at enrollment	19.5% new STI since HIV diagnosis
Sirivongrangson et al., in press	131 MSM STI clinic patients, Thailand	16%	Clinical examination, PCR, serology	10% Chlamydia 13% Gonorrhea 9% Syphilis reactive 10% Genital ulcers
Australia
Jin et al., 2007 (51)	235 men in the Positive Health Cohort Australia	NR	Serology, urine and anal screening	5.9% anal Chlamydia 2.2% urethral Chlamydia 3.2% anal gonorrhea 18.6% Syphilis reactive
Europe
Stolte et al., 2006(52)	222 men, STD clinic patients, The Netherlands	None	Serology and culture	15.8% rectal gonorrhea 9.9% infectious Syphilis
Kofoed et al., 2006(24)	2200 infectious disease patients, Denmark	83% of Syphilis patients taking ART	Serology		2% Syphilis cases diagnosed in 1 year
Dodds et al., 2007(53)	257 men, venue surveys, 3 cities in UK London n=176 Brighton n= 51 Manchester n=30	NR	Self-report STI diagnosis in past year		STI in the past year London 38% Brighton 43% Manchester 35%
Landes et al. 2007(54)	1050 pregnant women, seven countries in Europe	80% antenatal ART	Clinical and laboratory	Diagnosed during pregnancy 1% gonorrhea/Chlamydia 2% syphilis 12% Trichomoniasis
Diaz et al., 2009 (55)	1,462 MSM diagnosed with HIV between 2003 and 2007 in Spain	NA	Clinical diagnosis	31% diagnosed with Chlamydia, gonorrhea or Syphilis at time of testing HIV positive
Branger et al., 2009(32)	1105 HIV clinic patients with history of syphilis testing, The Netherlands	NR	Serology	6.2% syphilis (33% asymptomatic)
Dang et al., 2009(56)	147 men, Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Switzerland	71% combination ART	Anal swab specimens screened for Chlamydia trachomatis by PCR; Self-reported STI history	10.9% Chlamydia trachomatis 2.7% gonorrhea 43% Syphilis reactive
North America
Niccolai et al., 2000(57)	1407 women at public HIV outpatient clinic, USA	NR	Clinical diagnosis Trichomoniasis gonorrhea, chlamydia, and primary or secondary syphilis	27% a concurrent STI 29% Trichomoniasis 36% re-infected with Trichomoniasis
Kalichman et al., 2000(58)	223 men, 112 women, 5 transgender recruited from community services, USA	NR	Self-reported		3-month retrospective Men 3% Chlamydia 4% Gonorrhea 3% incident HSV 3% syphilis 1% Trichomoniasis Women 4% Chlamydia 6% Gonorrhea 6% incident HSV 4% syphilis 9% Trichomoniasis
Cu-Uvin et al., 2001(22)	108 women, research site, USA	30% untreated 25% Non-HAART 45% HAART	Clinical diagnosis and culture	11% bacterial vaginosis 4% trichomoniasis
Scheer et al., 2001(59)	11, 516 people living with AIDS in San Francisco data extracted from central STI registry, USA	79% received HIV therapy	Clinical reports to central registry of Chlamydia, gonorhrhea, non-gonococcal urethritis, Syphilis		2% diagnosed with STI after AIDS diagnosis Of those with STI  5% Chlamydia  84% gonorhrhea  7% non-gonococcal urethritis  3% syphilis
Do et al.., 2001(30)	36,102 patients attending over 100 health clinics, USA between 1991 and 1998	62% received HIV therapy	Culture, gram-stain	1.6% urogenital gonorrhea infection
Cu-Uvin et al., 2002(60)	871 women in HERS Cohort - patients in health clinics in 4 cities, USA	NR	Microscopic evaluation, culture	47% Bacterial vaginosis 29% Trichomoniasis estimated
Whittington et al., 2002(61)	337 men receiving public health clinic services and recruited from other sites, USA	NR	Serology and urine screening	STD clinics  15% gonorrhea or Chlamydia Other recruitment sites  8% gonorrhea or Chlamydia  2% syphilis
Erbelding et al., 2003(31)	796 men and 354 women public STI clinic patients, USA	NA	Clinical records from routine testing services	Co-infection at time of testing Men 14% gonorrhea 19% non-gonococcal urethritis 21% syphilis Women 9% gonorrhea 18% syphilis 20% Trichomoniasis
Bachmann et al., 2005(62)	338 men, HIV clinic, USA	76% HAART	Pharynx and rectal swabs; urine samples, cultures and PCR	3% Chlamydia 1.5% gonorrhea
Phipps et al., 2005(63)	814 primary care HIV patients, USA	NR	Serology, urine screening, pharyngeal and anal swabs	10% gonorrhea/Chlamydia 1.8% syphilis
Kahle et al., 2007(64)	4711 patients at HIV clinics and hospitals, USA	74% history of HIV treatment	Serology, gram stain, culture, self-report, and referral		1 year interval 2% Chlamydia 4% gonorrhea 1% syphilis
Manning et al., 2007(27)	632,264 people living with HIV/AIDS in New York City data extracted from central STI registry, USA	NR	Clinical reports to central registry		People living with HIV 5% of men 2.5% women People living with AIDS 1.8% men 1.4% women Frequency of diagnoses among people living with HIV/AIDS with two year cumulative STI 20% Chlamydia 42% gonorrhea 31% syphilis 5% multiple STI 16% repeated STI
Sena et al., 2008(65)	1460 newly diagnosed men and 2142 newly diagnosed women from public testing sites, USA	NA	Serology and clinical records	7% Syphilis, men 13% Syphilis, women
Rieg et al., 2008(37)	212 men receiving medical care at 2 HIV clinics, USA	NR	Serology, urine screening, self-report	6% gonorrhea 5% Chlamydia
Mayer et al., 2009(66)	398 men screened at a community research site, USA	66% ART	Medical records of clinical examination, serology, PCR,		STI in past year >1% Chlamydia 3.1% gonorrhea 6.4% Syphilis
Horberg et al., 2009(67)	622 patients in an integrated health care system, USA	51% treated	Laboratory database searched for serological test results	12.4% syphilis
Kalichman et al., 2009(68)	320 men, 137 women, 33 transgender recruited from community services, USA	71% treated	Self-reported STI		STI diagnosis in past 6-month 14% new Chlamydia, gonorrhea, HSV, or syphilis STI diagnosis since testing HIV+ 20% Chlamydia 13% gonorrhea 37% HSV 36% syphilis
Romanowski et al., 2009(69)	455 men, 174 women infectious disease clinic patients, Canada	77% men, 60% women HAART	HSV-1 and HSV-2 serology	78% HSV-1 positive 54% HSV-2 positive 58% of HSV-2positive without genital herpes symptoms
McCoy et al., 2009(6)	56 men and 19 women with acute HIV infection, USA	NA	Clinical confirmed diagnosis	30.6% Co-infected with STI Men > 1% Chlamydia 12% gonorrhea 7% syphilis Women 15% Bacterial vaginosis 10% Chlamydia 10% gonorrhea 26% Trichomoniasis
South America
Griemberg et al., 2006 (70)	87 HIV positive patients detected in clinics/hospitals, Argentina	NA	Clinical diagnosis	58% Syphilis reactive at time of testing
Grinsztejn et al., 2006 (71)	458 women receiving care, Brazil	67%	Clinical diagnosis	7.0% Trichomoniasis 0.9% Neisseria gonorrhoeae 3.0% Chlamydia trachomatis 3.1% Herpes Simplex Virus 13.8% Syphilis 22.8% Bacterial vaginosis
Caribbean
Hutton-Rose et al., 2008 (72)	138 men and 132 women referral clinic, Jamaica	NR	History, clinical examination, and lab diagnosis	Men 4% chancroid 19% gonorrhea 19% non-gonococcal urethritis 8% syphilis 9% Trichomoniasis 14% genital ulcer Women 10% Bacterial vaginosis 2% chancroid 15% gonorrhea 19% non-gonococcal urethritis 6% syphilis 15% Trichomoniasis 7% genital ulcer