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. 2013 Nov 29;105(1):1–8. doi: 10.1111/cas.12314

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© 2013 The Authors. Cancer Science published by Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Tumor microenvironment. (a) Tumor tissue contains not only tumor cells, but also large numbers of normal cells, including tumor-associated macrophages, lymphocytes, blood vessels, and fibroblasts, that affect tumor development in various ways. The photographs show an example of a clinical case of human breast cancer (invasive ductal carcinoma). The relative distributions of the above-mentioned cell types differ by organ and tissue type as well as individual case. CK, cytokeratin. (b) Metastatic tumors contain a larger number of tumor-associated macrophages. The photographs show an example of a clinical case of human kidney cancer (clear cell renal cell carcinoma). The primary tumor tissues and the metastatic (lung) tumors are shown.