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. 2014 May 6;105(6):736–743. doi: 10.1111/cas.12405

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© 2014 The Authors. Cancer Science published by Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Distribution of serum carotenoids by current smoking status (current smokers vs never/former smokers): (a) Alpha-carotene; (b) beta-carotene; (c) beta-cryptoxanthin, (d) lycopene and (e) lutein/zeaxanthin.