Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants based on lung cancer mortality
| Participants without lung cancer mortality (n = 10 221) | Participants with lung cancer mortality (n = 161) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Discrete variables, number (%) of participants | |||
| Age (years) | |||
| 20–29 | 2299 (22.5) | 0 (0.0) | <0.0001 |
| 30–39 | 2371 (23.2) | 8 (5.0) | |
| 40–49 | 1799 (17.6) | 17 (10.6) | |
| 50–59 | 1181 (11.6) | 34 (21.1) | |
| ≥60 | 2571 (25.2) | 102 (63.4) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 5323 (52.1) | 104 (64.6) | 0.0016 |
| Female | 4898 (47.9) | 57 (35.4) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White | 4133 (40.4) | 89 (55.3) | <0.0001 |
| Black | 2865 (28.0) | 51 (31.7) | |
| Hispanic | 2867 (28.1) | 16 (9.9) | |
| Other | 356 (3.5) | 5 (3.1) | |
| Education | |||
| Less than high school | 2073 (20.3) | 55 (34.2) | <0.0001 |
| High school | 4963 (48.6) | 74 (46.0) | |
| College or more | 3185 (31.2) | 32 (19.9) | |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current smoker | 2866 (28.0) | 91 (56.5) | <0.0001 |
| Former smoker | 2660 (26.0) | 57 (35.4) | |
| Never smoker | 4695 (45.9) | 13 (8.1) | |
| Pack-year of smoking (pack/year) | |||
| <10 | 7787 (76.2) | 47 (29.2) | <0.0001 |
| ≥10 | 2434 (23.8) | 114 (70.8) | |
| Alcohol drinking | |||
| Drinker | 5769 (56.4) | 78 (48.5) | 0.0424 |
| Non-drinker | 4452 (43.6) | 83 (51.6) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||
| <18.5 | 203 (2.0) | 3 (1.9) | 0.2155 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 3881 (38.0) | 72 (44.7) | |
| ≥25.1 | 6137 (60.0) | 86 (53.4) | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||
| <200 | 5009 (49.0) | 54 (33.5) | 0.0004 |
| 200–239.9 | 3220 (31.5) | 63 (39.1) | |
| ≥240 | 1992 (19.5) | 44 (27.3) | |
| Dietary fat intake (g/day) | |||
| <65 | 4375 (42.8) | 78 (48.5) | 0.1511 |
| ≥65 | 5846 (57.2) | 83 (51.6) | |
| ExerCIe | |||
| More | 3268 (32.0) | 62 (38.5) | 0.1129 |
| Less | 2280 (22.3) | 38 (23.6) | |
| About same | 4673 (45.7) | 61 (37.9) | |
| Vegetable intake (kinds of vegetables) | |||
| <7 | 4849 (47.4) | 81 (50.3) | 0.4695 |
| ≥7 | 5372 (52.6) | 80 (49.7) | |
| Fruit intake (kinds of fruits) | |||
| <3 | 4261 (41.7) | 88 (54.7) | 0.0009 |
| ≥3 | 5960 (58.3) | 73 (45.3) | |
| Continuous variables, mean (SD) of serum levels | |||
| Alpha-carotene (μg/dL) | 4.4 (4.3–4.5) | 3.5 (2.7–4.3) | 0.0004 |
| Beta-carotene (μg/dL) | 18.7 (18.3–19.2) | 17.6 (14.3–20.9) | 0.2929 |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin (μg/dL) | 10.5 (10.3–10.7) | 7.4 (6.1–8.7) | <0.0001 |
| Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg/dL) | 22.9 (22.6–23.1) | 22.2 (20.1–24.3) | 0.4837 |
| Lycopene (μg/dL) | 22.5 (22.2–22.7) | 17.4 (15.7–19.2) | <0.0001 |