Table 2.
Adjusted hazard ratio of lung cancer mortality across quartiles of serum carotenoids
| Quartile of serum carotenoids |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Alpha-carotene | ||||
| Serum concentration (μg/dL) | ≤1 | 2–3 | 4–5 | ≥6 |
| Number of cases | 62 | 36 | 34 | 29 |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.49 (0.33–0.71) | 0.34 (0.23–0.51) | 0.24 (0.16–0.38) |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.59 (0.39–0.91) | 0.59 (0.37–0.92) | 0.53 (0.32–0.88) |
| Beta-carotene | ||||
| Serum concentration (μg/dL) | ≤8 | 9–13 | 14–23 | ≥24 |
| Number of cases | 49 | 26 | 43 | 43 |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.59 (0.38–0.92) | 0.58 (0.39–0.86) | 0.55 (0.37–0.83) |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.64 (0.39–1.04) | 0.76 (0.49–1.17) | 0.76 (0.48–1.20) |
| Beta–cryptoxanthin | ||||
| Serum concentration (μg/dL) | ≤5 | 6–8 | 9–12 | ≥13 |
| Number of cases | 77 | 44 | 20 | 20 |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.60 (0.43–0.85) | 0.31 (0.19–0.50) | 0.21 (0.13–0.35) |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.84 (0.57–1.23) | 0.51 (0.31–0.84) | 0.56 (0.33–0.96) |
| Lycopene | ||||
| Serum concentration (μg/dL) | ≤13 | 14–20 | 21–28 | ≥29 |
| Number of cases | 64 | 50 | 23 | 24 |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.71 (0.47–1.05) | 0.58 (0.38–0.88) | 0.49 (0.33–0.74) |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.87 (0.56–1.33) | 0.81 (0.51–1.28) | 0.67 (0.42–1.07) |
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | ||||
| Serum concentration (μg/dL) | ≤14 | 15–20 | 21–27 | ≥28 |
| Number of cases | 44 | 42 | 36 | 39 |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.93 (0.65–1.31) | 0.49 (0.30–0.77) | 0.54 (0.34–0.85) |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.12 (0.76–1.65) | 0.67 (0.41–1.11) | 0.73 (0.44–1.22) |
Model 1 was adjusted by age and gender; Model 2 was adjusted by model 1 plus ethnicity, education, alcohol consumption, exerCIe, smoking status, pack-year of smoking, obesity, total cholesterol, daily fat intake and vegetable and fruit consumption.