Table 3.
Adjusted hazard ratio of lung cancer mortality across quartiles of serum carotenoids by smoking status
| Current smokers (n = 2957) |
Never/Former smokers (n = 7425) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile of serum carotenoids |
Quartile of serum carotenoids |
|||||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
| Alpha-carotene | ||||||||
| Serum concentration (μg/dL) | ≤1 | 2–2 | 3–3 | ≥4 | ≤2 | 3–4 | 5–6 | ≥7 |
| Number of cases | 49 | 7 | 13 | 22 | 19 | 24 | 10 | 17 |
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.42 (0.21–0.85) | 0.45 (0.25–0.82) | 0.37 (0.23–0.60) | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.44–1.33) | 0.40 (0.19–0.84) | 0.61 (0.33 –1.13) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.50 (0.22–1.12) | 0.58 (0.31–1.10) | 0.54 (0.31–0.94) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.53–1.82) | 0.53 (0.24–1.17) | 0.87 (0.42 –1.78) |
| Beta-carotene | ||||||||
| Serum concentraion (μg/dL) | ≤6 | 7–9 | 10–16 | ≥17 | ≤9 | 10–15 | 16–25 | ≥26 |
| Number of cases | 25 | 16 | 26 | 24 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 27 |
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.71 (0.38–1.31) | 0.84 (0.50–1.43) | 0.62 (0.36–1.08) | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.41–1.62) | 0.64 (0.33–1.27) | 0.92 (0.49 –1.71) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.81 (0.43–1.53) | 0.79 (0.45–1.41) | 0.57 (0.30–1.07) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.43–1.92) | 0.72 (0.34–1.51) | 1.08 (0.54 –2.17) |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin | ||||||||
| Serum concentraion (μg/dL) | ≤4 | 5–6 | 7–9 | ≥10 | ≤6 | 7–8 | 9–13 | ≥14 |
| Number of cases | 41 | 24 | 15 | 11 | 30 | 14 | 12 | 14 |
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.64 (0.40–1.02) | 0.48 (0.28–0.84) | 0.22 (0.12–0.43) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.53–1.71) | 0.47 (0.25–0.89) | 0.49 (0.26–0.92) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.66 (0.39–1.10) | 0.62 (0.33–1.13) | 0.39 (0.19–0.80) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.56–2.04) | 0.59 (0.30–1.17) | 0.84 (0.42–1.67) |
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | ||||||||
| Serum concentraion (μg/dL) | ≤13 | 14–19 | 20–28 | 29–86 | ≤14 | 15–20 | 21–29 | ≥30 |
| Number of cases | 40 | 19 | 18 | 14 | 27 | 25 | 8 | 10 |
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.73 (0.42–1.27) | 0.52 (0.30–0.91) | 0.60 (0.36–1.00) | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.62–2.19) | 0.96 (0.51–1.82) | 0.71 (0.36–1.37) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.89 (0.49–1.61) | 0.62 (0.34–1.13) | 0.68 (0.38–1.22) | 1.00 | 1.35 (0.67–2.71) | 1.31 (0.64–2.66) | 0.86 (0.40–1.85) |
| Lycopene | ||||||||
| Serum concentraion (μg/dL) | ≤13 | 14–17 | 18–24 | ≥25 | ≤15 | 16–21 | 22–29 | ≥30 |
| Number of cases | 28 | 19 | 19 | 25 | 14 | 20 | 20 | 16 |
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.87 (0.53–1.42) | 0.67 (0.38–1.18) | 0.71 (0.40–1.28) | 1.00 | 1.45 (0.86–2.43) | 0.48 (0.23–1.01) | 0.75 (0.36–1.55) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.88 (0.50–1.56) | 0.81 (0.45–1.47) | 0.80 (0.41–1.56) | 1.00 | 1.60 (0.91–2.80) | 0.53 (0.24–1.19) | 0.99 (0.46–2.17) |
Model 1 was adjusted by age and gender; Model 2 was adjusted by model 1+ ethnicity, education, alcohol consumption, exerCIe, pack-year of smoking, obesity, total cholesterol, daily fat intake, and vegetable and fruit consumption.