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. 2015 Jan 23;15:19. doi: 10.1186/s12885-014-1003-1

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© Park et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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HNHA induced G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in RCC cells. FACS flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining showed that HNHA induced G0/G1 phase arrest and increased the sub-G0 population in Caki-1 and A-498 cells (A). Western blotting showed that HNHA potently induced the expression of cell cycle arrest proteins (p53 and p21), reduced positive regulators of cell cycle progression (CDK4/6 and cyclin D1) and resulted in increased levels of anti-apoptotic (Bax and Apaf-1) proteins in RCC cells (B).