Table 4.

Two falsification checks, OLS and IV.

	Maternal education				Weight (measured at the same age as height)
	(1) OLS		(2) IV		(3) OLS		(4) IV
	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls
Height, age 3	0.005⁎⁎⁎	0.005⁎⁎⁎	−0.004	0.012	0.687⁎⁎⁎	0.650⁎⁎⁎	0.738⁎⁎⁎	0.437⁎⁎
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.016)	(0.021)	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.136)	(0.190)
p-value DWH test			0.570	0.712			0.706	0.237
No. of observations	2750	2559	2750	2559	2716	2532	2716	2532
Height, age 5	0.005⁎⁎	0.003	0.005	−0.011	0.609⁎⁎⁎	0.595⁎⁎⁎	0.913⁎⁎⁎	0.932
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.020)	(0.087)	(0.026)	(0.032)	(0.183)	(0.684)
p-value DWH test			0.996	0.864			0.086	0.592
No. of observations	2003	1867	2003	1867	1742	1617	1742	1617
Height, age 8	0.007⁎⁎⁎	0.005⁎⁎	0.001	0.016	0.681⁎⁎⁎	0.698⁎⁎⁎	0.476⁎⁎⁎	0.446⁎⁎
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.018)	(0.027)	(0.018)	(0.020)	(0.145)	(0.227)
p-value DWH test			0.751	0.674			0.135	0.243
No. of observations	2346	2248	2346	2248	2209	2126	2209	2126
Height, age 11	0.007⁎⁎⁎	0.003	0.005	0.002	0.644⁎⁎⁎	0.640⁎⁎⁎	0.487⁎⁎⁎	0.213
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.016)	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.132)	(0.184)
p-value DWH test			0.928	0.988			0.221	0.008
No. of observations	2226	2218	2226	2218	2226	2216	2226	2216
Height, age 13	0.004⁎⁎	0.006⁎⁎	−0.003	0.044	0.604⁎⁎⁎	0.555⁎⁎⁎	0.520⁎⁎⁎	0.392
	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.016)	(0.029)	(0.016)	(0.024)	(0.155)	(0.245)
p-value DWH test			0.641	0.164			0.582	0.492
No. of observations	1925	1942	1925	1942	1925	1940	1925	1940
Height, age 15	0.004⁎	0.008⁎⁎⁎	0.004	0.046	0.633⁎⁎⁎	0.522⁎⁎⁎	0.541⁎⁎⁎	0.860⁎⁎⁎
	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.018)	(0.032)	(0.023)	(0.029)	(0.166)	(0.289)
p-value DWH test			0.991	0.219			0.573	0.223
No. of observations	1631	1758	1631	1758	1630	1753	1630	1753

Notes: The estimates come from regressions of (1) maternal education or (2) body weight on height by gender at ages 3, 5, 8, 11, 13 and 15; DWH test=Durbin–Wu–Hausman test (H₀: OLS is consistent).

^⁎p<0.1.

^⁎⁎p<0.05.

^⁎⁎⁎p<0.01.