Table 3.
Results of ordinary least squares regression model for the health utilities index
| Coefficient (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years, reference: 18-44) | 0.000 | |
| 45-64 | -0.044(-0.057, -0.030) | 0.000 |
| 65+ | -0.013(-0.041, 0.015) | 0.362 |
| Male | -0.001(-0.012, 0.010) | 0.890 |
| Marital status (reference: single) | 0.064 | |
| Married or common law partner | -0.005(-0.010, 0.019) | 0.554 |
| Separated, divorced, or widowed | -0.014(-0.034, 0.005) | 0.155 |
| Race (reference: White) | 0.342 | |
| Other | -0.006(-0.028, 0.016) | 0.601 |
| Black | -0.016(-0.005, 0.037) | 0.127 |
| Asian | -0.011(-0.046, 0.024) | 0.546 |
| Foreign born | -0.006(-0.013, 0.026) | 0.515 |
| Smoking (reference: never smoked) | 0.059 | |
| Former smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years | -0.052(-0.107, 0.002) | 0.060 |
| Former smoker and started smoking before 18 years | -0.086(-0.170, 0.003) | 0.043 |
| Current smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years | -0.015(-0.066, 0.036) | 0.558 |
| Current smoker and started smoking before 18 years | -0.070(-0.140, 0.000) | 0.050 |
| BMI (reference: normal weight) | 0.053 | |
| Underweight | -0.166(-0.283, 0.048) | 0.006 |
| Overweight | -0.025(-0.084, 0.034) | 0.402 |
| Obese | -0.086(-0.084, 0.040) | 0.485 |
| Frequency of physical activity (reference; regular) | 0.000 | |
| Occasional | -0.012(-0.024, 0.001) | 0.069 |
| Infrequent | -0.083(-0.099, -0.066) | 0.000 |
| Household income (reference: lowest income quintile) | 0.122 | |
| Lower middle income quintile | -0.021(-0.009, 0.050) | 0.169 |
| Middle income quintile | -0.038(-0.010, 0.067) | 0.009 |
| Higher middle income quintile | -0.036(-0.008, 0.064) | 0.011 |
| Highest middle income quintile | -0.037(-0.008, 0.065) | 0.011 |
| Income missing | -0.027(-0.001, 0.056) | 0.056 |
| Education (reference: less than high school) | 0.026 | |
| High school graduate | -0.007(-0.035, 0.049) | 0.737 |
| Non-university/college certificate | -0.032(-0.013, 0.078) | 0.162 |
| University/college certificate | -0.029(-0.013, 0.070) | 0.176 |
| Has regular medical doctor | -0.021(-0.036,-0.006) | 0.005 |
| Presence of self-reported unmet need | -0.110(-0.133,-0.087) | 0.000 |
| Treatment for high blood pressure in the last 12 months (reference: no treatment) | 0.000 | |
| Received treatment | -0.023(-0.081, 0.034) | 0.424 |
| No high blood pressure | -0.020(-0.034, 0.073) | 0.475 |
| Medication for asthma in the last 12 months (reference: no medication) | 0.008 | |
| Received medication | -0.020(-0.076,-0.004) | 0.031 |
| No asthma | -0.000(-0.026, 0.026) | 0.999 |
| Has pharmaceutical insurance | -0.032(-0.051, 0.013) | 0.001 |
| Health insurance type (US only, reference: no insurance) | 0.000 | |
| Medicaid only | -0.092(-0.146,-0.039) | 0.001 |
| Non-Medicaid public only including Medicare | -0.052(-0.092,-0.013) | 0.010 |
| Private plus public including Medicare | -0.038(-0.074, 0.001) | 0.043 |
| Private only | -0.035(-0.008, 0.062) | 0.010 |
| Smoking x household income (reference: never smoked x lowest income quintile) | 0.024 | |
| Former smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years | ||
| x Lower middle income quintile | 0.011(-0.063, 0.085) | 0.770 |
| x Middle income quintile | 0.038(-0.024, 0.101) | 0.225 |
| x Higher middle income quintile | 0.050(-0.010, 0.111) | 0.101 |
| x Highest middle income quintile | 0.062(0.000, 0.124) | 0.050 |
| x Income missing | 0.086(-0.003, 0.122) | 0.064 |
| Former smoker and started smoking before 18 years | ||
| x Lower middle income quintile | 0.041(-0.059, 0.141) | 0.418 |
| x Middle income quintile | 0.062(-0.035, 0.160) | 0.210 |
| x Higher middle income quintile | 0.105(0.015, 0.194) | 0.023 |
| x Highest middle income quintile | 0.094(0.004, 0.184) | 0.041 |
| x Income missing | -0.003(-0.110, 0.105) | 0.962 |
| Current smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years | ||
| x Lower middle income quintile | 0.027(-0.035, 0.088) | 0.396 |
| x Middle income quintile | -0.022(-0.085, 0.040) | 0.487 |
| x Higher middle income quintile | -0.010(-0.072, 0.053) | 0.757 |
| x Highest middle income quintile | 0.025(-0.033, 0.084) | 0.393 |
| x Income missing | 0.002(-0.061, 0.065) | 0.955 |
| Current smoker and started smoking before 18 years | ||
| x Lower middle income quintile | 0.063(-0.016, 0.142) | 0.116 |
| x Middle income quintile | 0.002(-0.100, 0.103) | 0.976 |
| x Higher middle income quintile | 0.027(-0.058, 0.112) | 0.531 |
| x Highest middle income quintile | 0.094(-0.007, 0.180) | 0.034 |
| x Income missing | 0.002(-0.041, 0.141) | 0.282 |
| BMI x education (reference: normal weight x less than high school) | 0.005 | |
| Underweight | ||
| x High school graduate | 0.108(-0.038, 0.255) | 0.147 |
| x Non-university/college certificate | 0.159(-0.021, 0.340) | 0.083 |
| x University/college certificate | 0.176(-0.052, 0.301) | 0.006 |
| Overweight | ||
| x High school graduate | 0.051(-0.012, 0.113) | 0.112 |
| x Non-university/college certificate | 0.014(-0.051, 0.080) | 0.665 |
| x University/college certificate | 0.022(-0.040, 0.083) | 0.490 |
| Obese | ||
| x High school graduate | -0.001(-0.068, 0.067) | 0.985 |
| x Non-university/college certificate | -0.051(-0.128, 0.025) | 0.190 |
| x University/college certificate | 0.013(-0.051, 0.078) | 0.683 |
| Constant | 0.919(0.839, 1.000) | 0.000 |
| Sample size | 4328 | |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.258 |
Data source: Joint Canada/United States Survey of Health (JCUSH).
CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index.
P-value for each variable category is from t-test; p-value for the reference category is from F-test for all categories of each variable.
Analysis is weighted. Standard errors are adjusted for the complex survey design.