Table 1.
Malignancies associated with elevated expression of HOTAIR.
| Types | Interacting molecules/pathways | Cellular Processes | Clinical manifestations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ameloblastomas | Keratinized phenotype [45] | ||
| Breast cancer | BRCA1 [47] Estrogen [22] EMT/Stemness [21] DNA methylation [38] PRC2 [9] |
Invasion [9] Proliferation & apoptosis [22] Genotoxic stress [44] |
Metastasis [9, 24] ER and PR positivity [24] Poor survival [9, 24] |
| Colorectal cancer | EMT/Stemness [21] PRC2 [33] |
Invasion [21] | Metastasis, poor prognosis [33] |
| Esophageal cancer | Wnt/β-catenin [28] | Proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, metastasis [23, 35, 39] | Advanced stage, poor survival [23, 28, 39] |
| Gastric cancer | PRC2 [30] EMT [48] |
Proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, metastasis [27, 48] | Lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM staging, poor survival [27, 30] |
| GIST | Invasion [43] | High risk grade, metastasis [43] | |
| Glioma | Cell cycle progression [43] | Poor prognosis [43] | |
| HCC | Gelatinase, VEGF [29] | Invasion [29, 49] Proliferation [31] Apoptosis, chemosensitivity [49] |
Lymph node metastasis, recurrence [29, 49] Poor prognosis [31, 49] |
| Laryngeal cancer | PTEN [34] | Invasion, apoptosis [34] | Advanced stages, poor prognosis [34] |
| Lung cancer | HOXA5 [36] Col-1 [50] p21cip1/waf1 [37] |
Morphogenesis [50], Invasion [36], Cisplatin resistance, cell cycle, apoptosis [37] | Lymph node metastasis, poor prognosis [36] Brain metastasis [41] |
| Melanoma | Gelatinase [46] | Invasion [46] | Lymph node metastasis [46] |
| NPC | Proliferation, invasion [42] | Lymph node metastasis, poor survival [42] | |
| Ovarian cancer | Advanced stage, poor differentiated [26] | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | PRC2 [32] | Proliferation, apoptosis [32] | Advanced stage [32] |
| Prostate cancer | miR-34a [25] | Proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, castration resistance [25] | |
| Sarcoma | Metastasis, therapeutic resistance [40] |
GIST: gastrointestinal stromal tumor; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; NPC: nasopharyngeal carcinoma; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ER: estrogen receptor; PR: progesterone receptor; PRC2: polycomb repressive complex 2; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog.